Download Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor

Paul Michael TaylorChristopher R. PolglaseNajaf MuseyibliJared M. KollerTroy A. Johnson

Past and Future Heritagein the Pipelines Corridor Azerbaijan Georgia Turkey

pol maikl teiloriqristofer r. folgleisinajaf museiblijared m. qoleriTroiAa. jonsoni

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliazerbaijani saqarTvelo TurqeTi

Past and Future Heritagein the Pipelines CorridorAzerbaijanGeorgiaTurkey

kulturuli memkvidreobis

ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi,

warsuli da momavali

azerbaijani, GsaqarTvelo, TurqeTi

Past and Future Heritagein the Pipelines CorridorAzerbaijanGeorgiaTurkey

NewdiscoveriesfromexcavationsbytheInstituteofArchaeologyandEthnography(Baku,Azerbaijan),theGeorgianNationalMuseum(Tbilisi,Georgia),

andGaziUniversity(Ankara,Turkey)

AsianCulturalHistoryProgramSmithsonianInstitution

PaulMichaelTaylorChristopher R. Polglase

NajafMuseyibliJaredM.KollerTroyA.Johnson

pol maikl teilori

qristofer r. folgleisi

najaf museibli

jared m. qoleri

Troi a. jonsoni

arqeologiis institutis (baqo, azerbaijani), saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumisa (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo) da gazis universitetis (ankara, TurqeTi) axali arqeologiuri aRmoCenebiA

aziis kulturis istoriis programasmiTsonis instituti (vaSingtoni, aSS)

Past and Future Heritagein the Pipelines CorridorAzerbaijanGeorgiaTurkey

kulturuli memkvidreobis

ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi,

warsuli da momavali

azerbaijani, GsaqarTvelo, TurqeTi

ThispublicationisthefirstproductofgrantnumberG-08-BPCS-151448fromBPExplorationCaspianSeaLtdtotheSmithsonianInstitution,entitled“ProvisionoftheCulturalHeritagePublicOutreachandCapacityBuildingProgrammeintheAGTPipelineCorridorRegions.”

Anonlinepublicationonthistopicwiththetitle“AGT:AncientHeritageintheBTC-SCPPipelinesCorridor,Azerbaijan-Georgia-Turkey”accompaniesthisbookandmaybefoundathttp://www.agt.si.edu.Visitorstothiswebsitewillfindarchaeologicalsitereportsandamoreextensivebibliography.

Copyright©2011,SmithsonianInstitutionAsianCulturalHistoryProgram,Washington,D.C.DesignbyKIGraphics,Inc.Thisbookissimultaneouslyissuedintwobilingualeditions:English-AzerbaijaniandEnglish-Georgian.ISBN:English-Azerbaijani:9780972455749(softcover);9780972455763(hardcover),English-Georgian:9780972455756(softcover);9780972455770(hardcover).

Secondprinting(April2011)

es publikaciaBPExplorationCaspianSeaLtd- is mier smiTsonis institutisaTvis

gacemuli grantis (G-08-BPCS-151448) - “sazogadoebisaTvis kulturuli memkvidreobis

gacnoba da azerbaijani – saqarTvelo –

TurqeTi milsadenebis derefnis regionSi

“SesaZleblobaTa ganviTarebis” programis

pirveli produqtia. G

am Temasve Seexeba eleqtronuli publikacia,

romlis saTauria: “azerbaijani, saqarTvelo,

TurqeTi - kulturuli memkvidreobaBTC/SCP-is derefanSi “. igi wignTan erTad gamoqveyndeba da

misi naxva SesaZlebeli iqneba saitze: http://www.achp.si.edu/agt. saitis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli

iqneba arqeologiuri Zeglebis gaTxrebis

angariSebisa da sruli bibliografiis gacnoba.

aziis kulturis istoriis programa

es wigni erTdroulad inglisur – azerbaijanul

da inglisur - qarTul, orenovan gamocemad

gamodis. ISBN: inglisur – azerbaijanuli:

9780972455749 (rbili yda); 9780972455763 (magari

garekani), inglisur - qarTuli: 9780972455756

(rbili yda); 9780972455770 (magari garekani).

SmithsonianInstitution

Cataloging-in-PublicationData(U.S.A.)Pastandfutureheritageinthepipelinescorridor:Azerbaijan,Georgia,Turkey=Kulturuliemkvidreobis żeglebimilsadenebisderep‛anši,carsulidamomavali:Azerbaijani,Sak‛art‛velo,T‛urk‛et‛i/Paul MichaelTaylor…[etal.]. p. cm.EnglishandGeorgian.Includesbibliographicalreferences.ISBN-13:978-09724557-5-6(softcover);978-09724557-7-0(hardcover)1.Excavations(Archaeology)—Azerbaijan.2.Excavations(Archaeology)—Georgia(Republic).3.Excavations(Archaeology)—Turkey,Eastern.4.Azerbaijan—Antiquities.5.Georgia(Republic)— Antiquities.6.Turkey,Eastern—Antiquities.7.Silkroad—Antiquities.8.Petroleumpipelines—Caucasus,South.9.Petroleumpipelines—Turkey,Eastern.I.Taylor,PaulMichael,1953-II.NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory(U.S.).AsianCulturalHistoryProgram.DS56.P3722010

CHAPTER1 FromtheCaspiantotheMediterranean 14

CHAPTER2 CulturalHistoryattheCrossroads 42

CHAPTER3 ArchaeologicalSitesalongthePipeline 128 • Dashbulaq(Azerbaijan) 136 • Zayamchai/Tovuzchai(Azerbaijan) 140 • HasansuKurgan(Azerbaijan) 150 • Saphar-Kharaba(Georgia) 152 • Klde(Georgia) 156 • Orchosani(Georgia) 162 • Güllüdere(Turkey) 166 • Ziyaretsuyu(Turkey) 172 • Yüceören(Turkey) 176

CHAPTER4 NurturingaSharedHeritage 180

Acknowledgements 212

Site Report Citations 216

Recommended Readings 224

TableofContents

Tavi 1 Fkaspiidan xmelTaSuazRvispireTamde 14Tavi 2 kulturaTa istoria gzajvaredinze 42Tavi 3 Aarqeologiuri Zeglebi milsadenis derefanSi 128 • daSbulaqi (azerbaijani) 136 • zaiamCai / TovuzCai (azerbaijani) 140H • hasansus yorRani (azerbaijani) 150 • safar-xaraba (saqarTvelo) 152 • klde (saqarTvelo) 156O • orWosani (saqarTvelo) 162Gü • guludere (TurqeTi) 166 • ziareTsuiu (TurqeTi) 172 • ieqeioreni (TurqeTi) 176Tavi 4 vufrTxildebiT saerTo memkvidreobas 180madloba gaweuli samuSaosaTvis 212arqeologiuri gaTxrebis citirebuli angariSebi 216rekomendebuli sakiTxavi 224

sarCevi

Rock art displaying two human figures interlockinghands at the Gobustan National Historical-ArtisticPreserve.

gobusTanis istoriul-arqeologiur nakrZalSi, kldeze gamosaxulia ori adamiani, romelTac xelebi erTmaneTisken aqvT gawvdili.

A view of excavation activities along theBaku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline in Georgia.

saqarTvelo, Bbaqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis (BTC) maxloblad mimdinare arqeologiuriAgaTxrebis xedi

The Sultanahmet Mosque (also known as theBlue Mosque) in Istanbul was commissioned bySultan Ahmet I and completed during the early17th century AD.

sulTan ahmedis meCeTis (cnobilia, rogorc lurji meCeTi) mSenebloba stambulSi sulTan ahmed I-is mmarTvelobis dros daiwyo da XVII saukuneSi damTavrda.

An artisan crafting beautiful traditional metal waresin Azerbaijan.

azerbaijaneli xelosani amzadebs liTonis tradiciul nivTebs.

An Azerbaijani woman baking flatbread (chorek) ina wood-fired tandir.

azerbaijaneli qali acxobs purs ToneSi.

The famous defensive walls and Maiden’s Tower ofIchari Shahar (Baku’s “inner city”) were constructedin the 12th century AD.

Zveli baqos damcavi galavani da saxelganTqmuli `qalwulis koSki” XII saukuneSia agebuli.

Tbilisi, a city of roughly one and a half millionpeople, is the capital and largest city of Georgia,gracing the banks of the Mtkyvari (Kura) River inthe eastern part of the country.

Tbilisi, daaxloebiT milionnaxevriani qalaqi, saqarTvelos dedaqalaqia da mdebareobs qveynis aRmosavleT nawilSi, md. mtkvris napirebze.

Magnificently spanning the Bosporus Strait, theFirst Bosporus Bridge in Istanbul connects Orakoy(in Europe) and Beylerbeyi (in Asia). Completed in1973, the bridge embodies Turkey’s historic rolelinking Europe and Asia.

bosforis sruteze gadWimuli pirveli xidi, romelic stambulis or nawils _evropulsa (oraqoi) da aziurs (beilerbei) aerTebs, 1973 wels aSenda da TurqeTis - evropisa da aziis damakavSirebeli saxelmwifos istoriul rols usvams xazs.

–BTCRoute– SCP Route

A map of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) and SouthCaucasus (SCP) pipelines, from the Caspian to theMediterranean.

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisa (BTC) da samxreT kavkasiis milsadenebis (SCP) ruka kaspiidan xmelTaSuazRvispireTamde.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor22

CHAPTER1

From the Caspian to the Mediterranean

Tavi 1

kaspiidanxmelTaSuazRvispireTamde

Pproeqtis mizani

samxreTi kavkasia da

anatolia moicavs dRevandel

azerbaijans, saqarTvelosa

da TurqeTs. regioni

msoflios uZvelesi kulturebis

erT-erTi samSobloa. aq aRmoCenilma

preistoriulma da istoriulma

kulturebma udidesi arqeologiuri

saganZuri datova, rac arqeologebisa

da istorikosebis did dainteresebas

iwvevs. azerbaijanSi, gobusTanis

kldeebze, romelic kaspiis zRvas

gadahyurebs, daaxloebiT 20000 wlis

winandeli navebis, cxovelebisa da

adamianebis gamosaxulebebia.

ThePurposeofThisProject

TheCaucasusandAnatolia,includingthepresent-daynationsofAzerbaijan,Georgia,andTurkey,arehometosomeofthe

world’smostancientcultures.Throughouttheregion,prehistoricandhistoricculturesleftavastwealthofarchaeologicaltreasuresthat fascinate archaeologists and historians. InAzerbaijan,themajesticrockfacesofGobustanthatprojecthighabovetheshoreoftheCaspianSeaformthe“canvas”onwhich hundreds of generations of artists inscribedtheirancientrockart,beginningperhaps20,000yearsago.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 23

The city of Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan,overlooks the Caspian Sea. Today, Baku is athriving metropolis of over two million people. Itis the financial center of Azerbaijan, as well asthe nucleus of the country’s artistic, musical, andtheatrical activities.

azerbaijanis dedaqalaqi baqo kaspiis zRvas gadahyurebs. es ormilioniani, ayvavebuli qalaqi qveynis ekonomikuri da kulturuli centricaa.

Imagesofboats,animals,andpeoplefromAzerbaijan’sancientpastcanbefoundamongtherockart.Theearliesttracesofhumankind’sprehistoryinthisancientlandwerefoundatDmanisi,Georgia,wheretheremainsofhumanity’s1.8million-year-oldancestorswerediscovered.InTurkey,anintriguingrepositoryofpotteryatZiyaretsuyuthatcanbetracedtothe2ndcenturyBCraisesabsorbingquestionsabouttravelersandsettlersintheregion.

Forthousandsofyears,silk,gold,ivory,spices,and perfumes were transported across trade routes throughtheregionthatconnectedEastAsia,Africa,theMiddleEast,andEurope.Thepeoplesoftheregionarejustlyproudthattodayitshistoricstatus as a crossroad of trade and culture is being revived.Thisrevivalispartlyaresultofnationalindependence since the dissolution of the Soviet UnionandpartlyduetotherelativelyrecentdiscoveryofnewlargeCaspianBasinhydrocarbonreserves.TheconstructionofthemassivepipelinessystemthatcarriesbothcrudeoilandnaturalgasthroughAzerbaijan,Georgia,andTurkeytoworldmarketsspurredanunparalleledperiodofarchaeologicalresearchintheregion,whichledtoextraordinaryfindsalongthepipelinesroutefromtheCaspiantotheMediterranean,andgeneratedknowledgeaboutthehistoryandculturesoftheregion.Inthisandinmanylesstangibleways,thepipelinesareanewgatewaytotheregion’spast,and open a promising window to its future.

isini azerbaijanis warsuls warmogvidgens.

adamianis preistoriuli warsulis

uadresi nimuSia saqarTveloSi, dmanisSi,

1,8 milioni wlis hominidebis naSTebi.

TurqeTSi, ziareTsuius Zv.w. II saukuniT

daTariRebuli Tixis WurWlis sacavi am

periodis mosaxleobisa da mogzaurebis

Sesaxeb gviambobs.

aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi am mxareze

gadioda Sua aziis, axlo aRmosavleTis,

afrikisa da evropis damakavSirebeli

savaWro gzebi, romlebiTac abreSumi,

oqro da nelsacxeblebi gadaqondaT.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis, saqarTvelosa

da azerbaijanis mier damoukideblobis

mopovebisa da kaspiis zRvaSi navTobis

didi maragis aRmoCenis Semdeg regionma

savaWro gzajvaredinis funqcia xelaxla

SeiZina. navTobisa da gazis milsadenebis

mSeneblobasTan, romelic regionis qveynebs:

azerbaijans, saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs

msoflio bazarTan akavSirebs. milsadenebis

mSeneblobasTanavea dakavSirebuli

uprecendento masStabis arqeologiuri

gaTxrebi, ramac uaRresad saintereso

masala mogvca istoriuli da kulturuli

suraTis Sesavsebad. amrigad, milsadenebis

mSeneblobam warsuli ufro xelSesaxebi,

momavali ki saimedo gaxada.

warmodgenil wignSi Tavmoyrili masala

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor24

The Azerbaijan Government House is an imposingstructure. After formally declaring independencefrom the Soviet Union in 1991, Azerbaijan’s firstelected Parliament officially adopted a constitutionin 1995.

azerbaijanis mTavrobis sasaxle didi Senobaa. 1991 wels aq gamocxadda azerbaijanis damoukidebloba, pirvelma parlamentma ki qveynis konstitucia 1995 wels miiRo.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 25

The Ateshgah “Fire Worshipers” Temple nearBaku has its origins among Zoroastrians. Acontinuous flame on the site was once fed bynatural gas deposits.

cecxlTayvanismcemlebis taZari aTeSga, romelic baqos maxlobladaa, zoroastrizmis mimdevarTa salocavi iyo. “maradiuli cecxli”, romelic am salocavze iyo danTebuli, gazis sabadodan ikvebeboda.

warmodgenil wignSi Tavmoyrili masala

warmoaCens regionis mdidar kulturul

memkvidreobas, romelic qarTvelma,

azerbaijanelma da Turqma arqeologebma

aRmoCenes. aqve aseve SesaZlebelia

gavecnoT am qveynebis warmomadgenlebis

TanamSromloba smiTsonis institutis

aziis kulturis istoriis ganyofilebasTan,

politikisa da analizis ganyofilebasa

da mTavar sainformacio samsaxurTan.

restavracia, koleqciebis marTva da

mopovebuliAarqeologiuri masalis

interpretacia BP-isa da misi partniorebis mier dafinansda, raTa baqo-Tbilisi-

jeihanis navTobsadenisa da samxreT

kavkasiis gazsadenis mSeneblobisas

aRmoCenili kulturuli memkvidreobis

naSTebi kargad yofiliyo daculi.

milsadenis marSrutis Seswavla 2000

wels daiwyo, samSeneblo samuSaoebi ki -

2003 wels. am procesSi Tavidanve iyvnen

Cabmulebi azerbaijaneli, qarTveli, Turqi,

britaneli da amerikeli arqeologebi. isini

mSeneblobis paralelurad muSaobdnen

da maT milsadenebis gaswvriv gaTxares

aramarto ukve cnobili Zeglebi, aramed

aqamde ucnobi asobiT arqeologiuri Zegli

aRmoaCines da Seiswavles.

Tohighlighttherichculturalheritageoftheregion,thisbookpresentsfindingsofacollaborativeresearch initiative among archaeologists in Azerbaijan,Georgia,andTurkeyandtheircolleaguesfromtheSmithsonianInstitution’sAsianCulturalHistoryProgram,OfficeofPolicyandAnalysis,andOfficeoftheChiefInformationOfficer.Therecovery,collectionmanagement,andinterpretation of the archaeological data presented herewerefinancedbyBPanditscoventurersintheCaspianprojectsaspartoftheireffortstoprotect the cultural resources uncovered during theconstructionoftheBaku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan(BTC)crudeoilandadjacentSouthCaucasus(SCP)naturalgaspipelines.Thearchaeologicalsurveysofthepipelineroutebeganin2000,beforeconstructioncommenced.Theconstruction,whichbeganin2003,wasaccompaniedbyteamsofAzerbaijani,Georgian,Turkish,British,andAmericanarchaeologists who traveled the entire length of thepipelines,ajourneythatcontributedtothestoryofknownarchaeologicalsitesinadditiontodiscoveringhundredsofpreviouslyunknownandunexcavated sites.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 25

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor26

The salamuri, a Georgian reed instrument made ofapricot wood, is often played at festivals by boyswearing traditional costumes.

saqarTveloSi gamarTul saxalxo dResaswaulebze xSirad naxavT erovnul samosSi gamowyobil ymawvilebs, romlebic salamurze ukraven.

The tomb sanctuary of King Antiochus I at MountNemrud was built on a mountaintop in what is nowsoutheastern Turkey in 62 BC. Antiochus I forgedan alliance with Rome during the war betweenRome and the Parthians.

samxreT-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi, mTa nemrudze, Zv.w. 62 wels aRmarTes komagenes mefe antioqos I-is samlocvelo. romaelebma igi aiZules maTi mokavSire gamxdariyo da parTielebis winaaRmdeg ebrZola.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 27

A baker in Georgia uses a modern-daytandir-shaped oven to bake bread. The dough ispressed against the walls of the oven to bake.

saqaTveloSi puris gamosacxobad dRevandeli xabazebi Tones iyeneben. comi Tones kedels ekvreba da ise cxveba.

TheSmithsonianteamcontinuesitsinternationalcollaborativeresearcheffortsinthisarea.PartnersintheregionincludeAzerbaijan’sInstituteofArchaeologyandEthnography,GobustanNationalHistorical-ArtisticPreserveandtheGeorgianNationalMuseum.TheGobustanPreserve,locatedabout40milessouthwestofAzerbaijan’scapitalcityofBaku,wasdeclaredaUNESCOWorldHeritageSitein2007.

Thisbookanditsassociatedwebsite(www.agt.si.edu)areexamplesofthepubliceducationandmuseumcapacity-buildingeffortsassociatedwiththisproject.BP’ssupportparallelsitscommitmenttoincreasingawarenessofbiodiversityandprotectingnaturalhabitats,includinginitiativesthat have mobilized tangible environmental changes throughout the region.

smiTsonis institutis gundi, romelic

moicavs aziis kulturis istoriis

programas, politikisa da analizisa

da mTavar sainformacio samsaxurebs,

agrZelebs regionis kvlevas da

TanamSromlobs gobusTanis arqeologiur

nakrZalTan, azerbaijanis arqeologiisa da

eTnografiis institutsa da saqarTvelos

erovnul muzeumTan. gobusTanis nakrZali,

romelic baqodan samociode kilometriTaa

daSorebuli, 2007 wlidan iuneskos mier

msoflio kulturuli memkvidreobis

Zegladaa gamocxadebuli.

es wigni da masTan dakavSirebuli

vebsaiti (www.agt.si.edu) samSeneblo

proeqtis mimdinareobisas

ganxorcielebuli sazogadoebrivi

ganaTlebisa da samuzeumo SesaZleblobaTa

ganviTarebis samuSaoebis kargi magaliTia.

da misi partniorebi xels uwyoben

biomravalferovnebisa da garemos dacvis

TviTSegnebis amaRlebis mizniT nakisri

valdebulebebis ganxorcielebas, maT

Soris regionSi bunebriv garemoze

mniSvnelovani zemoqmedebis Serbilebis

iniciativebs.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor28

Rock art panels at the Gobustan NationalHistorical-Artistic Preserve date from as early asthe Paleolithic period. gobusTanis erovnul istoriul-arqeologiur nakrZalSi daculiKkldis mxatvroba paleoliTis xaniT TariRdeba.

Petroglyphs of a hunter and a possibleshaman are a part of the legacy of theearly past discovered at the GobustanNational Historical-Artistic Preserve. gobusTanis erovnul istoriul-arqeologiur nakrZalSi daculi petroglifebi, romlebzec monadire da Samania gamosaxuli, kulturuli memkvidreobis nawilia.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 29

Rock art panels at the Gobustan NationalHistorical-Artistic Preserve often contain a varietyof elegant figures, sometimes superimposed overeach other.

gobusTanis erovnul istoriul-arqeologiur nakrZalSi daculKkldis mxatvrobaze araerTi figuraa gamosaxuli. zogierTi naxati sxvadasxva drosaa Seqmnili da erTmaneTzea dadebuli.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor30

During Stages 1 and 2 of the project from 2000to 2003, potentially important archaeological siteswere identified through field walks and aerialphotography. This view from the Tsalka district incentral Georgia shows the type of surface clearingthat preceded excavations.

pirveli da meore etapis ganmavlobaSi, 2000-2003 wlebSi dazverviTi samuSaoebisa da aerofotografirebis saSualebiT gamovlinda potenciuri arqeologiuri Zeglebi. es foto walkis raionSi (samxreTi saqarTvelo) niadagis aRebis procesis Semdgom mdgomareobas asaxavs.

ThePipelines

Thepipelineroute—whichrunsthroughwidelydivergentclimatic,geological,andgeographicregionsthathavelongbeenpopulatedbynumerouspeoples—wasnotselectedforitspotential to facilitate archaeological excavations orspurthediscoveryofnewculturalheritageinpreviouslyunexploredregions.Rather,itresultedfrom the practical considerations of bringing a vast newsupplyofcrudeoilandnaturalgasfromtheCaspianSeatoworldmarketsinawaythatbothavoidstheecologicalrisksposedbyhugetankerspassingthroughtheBosporusStraitandprovidesthenewlyindependentpost-SovietstatesoftheCaucasuscontrolovertheexportofAzerbaijan’smostvaluablecommodity.Thepipelinesconstructionhas,nonetheless,giventheregionandtheworldarareopportunitytoincreaseourunderstanding of the past.

milsadenebi

milsadenebis marSruti sxvadasxva xalxiT

dasaxlebulsa da erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad

gansxvavebul klimatur, geografiulsa

da geologiur da regionebze gadis. es

marSruti adre Seuswavlel regionebSi

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis an kulturuli

memkvidreobis axali Zeglebis aRmoCenis

xelSewyobis mizniT ar SerCeula. misi

mizani iyo kaspiis zRvis sabadoebis nedli

navTobisa da bunebrivi airis msoflio

bazrebze gatana, rac maqsimalurad

Seamcirebda rogorc bosforis sruteSi

uzarmazari tankerebis moZraobis Sedegad

gamowveul ekologiur safrTxeebs,

aseve gazrdida kavkasiis postsabWoTa

sivrceSi axladSeqmnili damoukidebeli

saxelmwifoebis kontrols Azerbaijanis

am uZvirfasesi nedleulis eqsportze.

amave dros, milsadenebis mSeneblobam

regionsa da msoflios warsulis ukeTesad

Seswavlis iSviaTi SesaZlebloba misca.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 31

TheBTCpipelinestartsattheSangachalTerminalontheCaspianSeainAzerbaijan,passesthroughtheterritoryofGeorgia,andendsattheCeyhanTerminalontheTurkishcoastoftheMediterranean,fromwhich“Azerilight”crudeoiloftheAzeri-Chirag-DeepWaterGuneshlifieldisdeliveredtointernationalmarkets.ThelengthoftheBTCpipelineis1,768kilometers(1,099miles):443kilometers(275miles)inAzerbaijan,249kilometers(155miles)inGeorgia,and1,076kilometers(669miles)inTurkey.Itsdiametervariesfrom1.07to1.17meters(42to46inches),anditiscurrentlytransportingclosetoonemillionbarrelsofoilperday,withplanstoincreasecapacitytohandleadditionalvolume.

TheSCPtransportsnaturalgasfromtheShahDenizfieldontheCaspianSeatoTurkey.ItfollowstherouteoftheBTCpipelinethroughAzerbaijanandGeorgiaintoTurkey,whereitconnectswiththeTurkishgasdistributionsystem.Thetotallengthofthispipelineis691kilometers(429miles),dividedbetweenAzerbaijanandGeorgiainthesameproportionsastheBTCpipeline,andmeasures1.07meters(42inches)indiameter.

In addition to initial archaeological surveys, theimpacts that the pipeline project would have onlocal communities such as this village locatedon the Kodiana Pass in Georgia, were examined.Preventive measures were taken so as not topermanently disrupt the lives of villagers.

winaswaruli arqeologiuri dazvervebis garda, Seswavlil iqna is SesaZlo zemoqmedebebi, rac milsadenis proeqts adgilobriv mosaxleobaze, mag., saqarTveloSi, kodianis uReltexilze mdebare am sofelze SeeZlo moexdina. amis aRsakveTad miiRes prevenciuli zomebi.

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeni (BTC), azerbaijanSi kaspiis zRvis terminal

sangaCalSi iwyeba, gaivlis saqarTvelos

teritorias da TurqeTis xmelTaSua

zRvis sanapiroze, jeihanis terminalTan

mTavrdeba, saidanac nedli navTobi

saerTaSoriso bazrebs miewodeba.

Mmilsadenis sigrZe 1,768 kilometria;

aqedan 443 kmAazerbaijanis teritoriaze

gadis, 249 km saqarTvelos teritoriaze da

1,076km ki_TurqeTisaze. milis diametri

1,07 metridan 1,17 metramde meryeobs da

yoveldRe masSi TiTqmis 1 milioni bareli

navTobi gaedisneba samomavlod ufro didi

odenobiT navTobis gatanac igegmeba.

samxreTkavkasiuri milsadenis(SCP) saSualebiT kaspiis zRvis Sahdenizis

sabadodan bunebrivi airi TurqeTSi

gaaqvT. saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis

teritoriaze igi BTC–is paralelurad

miuyveba, xolo TurqeTSi - Turqul

gazgamanawilebel sistemas uerTdeba. am

milsadenis sigrZe 691 kilometria daBTC milsadenis analogiuri proporciiTaa

gayofili azerbaijansa da saqarTvelos

Soris. misi diametric 1,07 metria.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor32

Excavation leader Dr. Goderdzi Narimanishviliand Cultural Heritage Monitor Nino Erkomaishvilidiscuss their strategy at the Saphar Kharaba sitein Georgia.

eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli goderZi narimaniSvili da kulturuli memkvidreobis monitori nino erqomaiSvili ganixilaven safar xarabas samarovanze Casatarebeli samuSaos.

milsadenebis arqeologiuri programa

saerTaSoriso navTobkorporaciebma AGT-isMmilsadenis arqeologiuri programis

farglebSi kulturuli memkvidreobis

dacvis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesi

valdebulebebi aiRes. am ideis

iniciatorebi is saerTaSoriso finansuri

jgufebi iyo, romlebic mSeneblobas

afinansebdnen da maspinZeli qveynebisa

da BP-isaTvis qmnidnen garemosdacviT da

kulturuli memkvidreobis standartebs.

proeqti samive qveyanaSi kidev ramdenime

wels gastans da mis farglebSi

muSaoba ekologiuri da arqeologiuri

mimarTulebiTac gagrZeldeba.

TheAGTPipelinesArchaeologyProgram

TheAGT(Azerbaijan,GeorgiaandTurkey)PipelinesArchaeologyProgramrepresentsoneofthemostsignificantcommitmentstoculturalheritageevermadebyaninternationalpipelineproject.Itwasinitiatedasaresultoftherequirementsoftheinternationalfinancialcommunitythatfinancedthepipelines,guidelinesofthehostcountries,andBP’sinternalstandardsforenvironmentalandculturalprotection.Theprojectwillcontinueoverthenextseveralyearsthrough the implementation of archaeological and ecological projects in the three host countries.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 33

In western Azerbaijan, a group of side boomstravel along the pipeline corridor.

dasavleTi zerbaijani. mZime teqnika milsadenebis dedefanSi.

An archaeologist from Azerbaijan’s Institute ofArchaeology and Ethnography records one of theearliest kurgans (burial sites) in the region at anexcavation site near the village of Soyuqbulaq.

azerbaijanis Aarqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis arqeologi afiqsirebs uZveles yorRans sof.soiuqbulaqTan.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor34

SiteLocations,Excavation, andAnalysis

Incoordinationwithnationalculturalheritageauthorities,astagedprogramofarchaeologicalresearch and excavation was developed in each ofthehostcountriesalongthepipelines.Thefour initial stages occurred before and during the pipelineconstruction.Overthecourseofthefirstfourstages,dozensofarchaeologicalsiteswerefound and sampled.

• Baselinesurveys,staffedinpartwithlocalexperts,comprisedStage1.Theresultsofthesesurveysledtoalterationoftheproposedpipelineroute,aspartofanoverallstrategytoworkaroundareasofenvironmentalandculturalsensitivity.

• Stage2beganoncetheroutewasdeterminedandthefinanciallendersapprovedit.Thisstage involved testing selected sites through limitedexcavationstoidentifyculturalheritageresourcesofsufficientsignificancetowarrantavoidanceormitigationinitiatives,such as restricting construction areas or using protective measures such as fencing.

• Stage3,whichalsobeganbeforetheAGTpipelineconstructionbegan,involvedafirstroundofexcavations.TheywereplannedwellinadvancewithBP’snationalpartnerorganizations so as to have clear research designs and protocols in place to maximize the data collected. Several methods of record keepingwereemployedduringthisstage,includingdrawings,photographs,andwrittendocumentation.

Zeglebis mdebareoba, gaTxrebi da analiziP

maspinZeli qveynebis kulturuli

memkvidreobis samsaxurebTan erTad

BP-m da misma partniorebma etapobrivi programa SeimuSaves. is moicavda, rogorc

mSeneblobis wina, ise misi mimdinareobisas

milsadenebis arealSi aRmoCenili

arqeologiuri Zeglebis kvlevisa da

gaTxrebis gegmas. igi oTx samuSao etapad

iyo dayofili. misi ganxorcielebisas

mravali aTeuli arqeologiuri Zegli

gamovlinda.

• sabazo kvlevebma, romlebic

adgilobrivma eqspertebma Caatares,

gamokveTa pirveli etapis amocanebi.

Sedegebma cxadyo, rom dagegmil

marSrutSi garkveuli cvlilebebis

Setana iyo aucilebeli, raTa garemosa

da kulturis Zeglebs safrTxe ar

Seqmnoda.

• me-2 etapi marSrutis sabolood

dadgenisa da damfinanseblebis mier

misi damtkicebis Semdeg daiwyo. igi

moicavda SerCeul ubnebze mcire

masStabis dazverviTi gaTxrebis

Catarebas, raTa dadasturebuliyo

mniSvnelovani kulturuli

memkvidreobis Zeglebis arseboba

da, amavdroulad, gansazRvruliyo

samSeneblo teritoriebis SezRudvisa

da dacvis zomebi.

• me-3 etapi, romelic aseve samSeneblo

samuSaoebis dawyebamde Catarda,

moicavda pirvelad gaTxrebs. es

gaTxrebi kompaniam adgilobriv

partnior organizaciebTan erTad

dagegma, raTa miRebul monacemebze

dayrdnobiT SemuSavebuliyo momavali

gaTxrebis realuri gegma. am etapze

gamoyenebul iqna dafiqsirebis

sxvadasxva meTodi, kerZod; Canaxatebi,

fotosuraTebi da werilobiTi wyaroebi.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 35

This frieze in the Old City in Baku capturesimages from the rock art in the Gobustan NationalHistorical-Artistic Preserve.

Zvel baqoSi daculi es frizi gobusTanis erovnuli nakrZalidanaa.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor36

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 37

The pipeline construction activities.

milsadenis mSenebloba.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor38

•Stage4involvedexcavationsofnewsitesfound during the actual construction process. Avitaltaskwasthedevelopmentofpolicyandproceduresfordealingwithpreviouslyunknownarchaeologicalsitesfoundafterconstructioncommenced.These“latefinds,”generallyconsistingofscatteringsofartifacts,alsoyieldeduniqueandimportantdiscoveries.Inmanycases,BP,inconsultationwithnationalregulatorybodies,developedmeasurestoavoidorabatedamagetotheselatefinds.Mitigationusuallyinvolvedrestrictingimpactsthrough the use of narrower construction zones combined with archaeological excavation.

• me-4 etapi iTvaliswinebda TviT

samSeneblo procesis dros aRmoCenili

arqeologiuri Zeglebis gaTxras.

umniSvnelovanesi amocana iyo am ucnobi

Zeglebis mimarT swori strategiisa

da meTodikis SemuSaveba. es “gviani

aRmoCenebi” mniSvnelovan monapovrad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos. umetes SemTxvevebSi,

kompaniis kulturuli memkvidreobis

samsaxuri iseT RonisZiebebs mimarTavda,

romlis Sedegad Zeglis dazianeba

minimumamde iqneboda dayvanili. amisTvis

ki samSeneblo zonis areali mcireboda

da mSeneblobis paralelurad,

arqeologiuri gaTxrebi tardeboda.

A Muslim tombstone in Azerbaijan has beenstanding since the middle ages.

es muslimuri saflavis qva azerbaijanSi Sua saukuneebisaa.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 39

Mud flows from volcanoes in Azerbaijan dating backto ancient times indicate geothermal activity in theCaspian region.

vulkanuriLlavis gaqvavebuli nakadi Soreul warsulSiAazerbaijanis teritoriasa da kaspiis zRvis sanapiroze geoTermul aqtivobaze miuTiTebs.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor40

Uponcompletionoftheexcavationefforts,archaeological teams in the three countries turned theirattentiontoStage5,whichentailedthepreparation of technical reports and monographs pertainingtotheexcavations.“Capacity-building”studies(describedinmoredetailinChapter4)focused on the treatment and preservation of artifactsrecoveredduringtheproject.Thisworkwasfollowedbythepreparationofgeneralpublicoutreachmaterials,includingthisbook,museumexhibits and a website that chronicles aspects of the archaeologicalprojectit*elf,aswellasthelivesandcultures of the ancient inhabitants of the region who createdtheartifacts.Thisstagewillcontinueon,expandingwhatisknownoftheregion’shistory:Thepipelineproject’sexploration,interpretation,andstewardshipisnotyetfinished,justastheregion’shumanstorycontinuestounfold.

The Davit Gareji Monastery in East Georgia was founded in the 6th century by Saint Davit(David), who once lived in a cave at this location.The complex grew over the centuries following hisdeath and remains in use today.

daviT garejis samonastro kompleqsi wm. daviT garejelma aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi VI saukuneSi daarsa. igi am adgilas erT-erT gamoqvabulSi cxovrobda. es kompleqsi misi gardacvalebis Semdegac farTovdeboda da dResac moqmedi monasteria.

gaTxriTi samuSaoebis damTavrebis Semdeg

samive qveynis arqeologiurma jgufebma

mTeli yuradReba me-5 etapze gaamaxviles,

momzadebuliyo teqnikuri angariSebi

da monografiebi da dadgeniliyo

artefaqtebis Senaxvis pirobebi. am

samuSaos mohyveboda mopovebuli masalis

sazogadoebis samsjavroze gamotana.

amisaTvis ki unda Seqmniliyo specialuri

vebgverdi da mowyobiliyo rogorc

samuzeumo, aseve moZravi gamofenebi,

sadac aisaxeboda arqeologiuri

proeqtis sxvadasxva aspeqti da aseve

am artefaqtebis Semqmneli uZvelesi

mosaxleobis sulieri da materialuri

kultura. es etapi amJamadac grZeldeba da

emsaxureba regionis istoriis Seswavlas.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 41

This statue in the heart of Baku commemoratesNizami Gyanjavi the great epic poet.

baqos centrSi mdebare es Zegli didi poetis, nizami ganjelis sapativcemodaa aRmarTuli.

The Turkish site Ziyaretsuyu, as seen from atop a nearby hill. When archaeologically significant sites such as this one were discovered, the pipeline route was diverted to minimize impacts on the sites.

Turquli arqeologiuri Zeglis, ziareTsuis xedi axlomdebare mTidan. aseTi mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri Zeglis aRmoCenisas kompania cdilobda milsadenis marSruti Seecvala, raTa Zegls safrTxe ar damuqreboda.

A portion of the 12th century AD citadel wallsurrounding the storied Ichari Shahar, or “InnerCity,” is preserved within Baku, Azerbaijan’s capital. UNESCO listed the Ichari Shahar as aWorld Heritage site in 2000. azerbaijanis Tanamedrove dedaqalaqSi, baqoSi dRemde SemorCenilia XII saukunis galavani, romelic gars ertymis Zvel qalaqs (`iCari Sahars”). iuneskom igi 2000 wels msoflio kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglad aRiara.

The inspiring Jvari Church sits atop a ridgeoverlooking Mtskheta, the ancient capital ofGeorgia; the remains of the timeworn town aredated earlier than 1000 BC.

jvris monasteri, romelic maRal goraze dgas, saqarTvelos Zvel dedaqalaqs, mcxeTas gadahyurebs.

The lavish Topkapi Palace complex in Istanbul,Turkey, was the primary residence of Ottomansultans from 1465 until the mid-19th century.

1465 wlidan XIX saukunis Suaxanebamde Tofqafis mdidruli sasaxle stambulSi otomani sulTnebis rezidencia iyo.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor48

Chapter 2

Cultural history at the Crossroads

the construction of the BtC and SCp pipelines reinvigorated the region’s historic role as a crossroads of world trade.

archaeological work undertaken as a part of the aGt pipelines archaeology program has contributed greatly to understanding the individual cultures and histories of the host nations, and has documented their long record of interconnectedness over the past four millennia. the recent rebuilding of social and economic relationships in the region is one reoccurrence in this long history of connections. 1

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisa da

baqo-Tbilisi-erzerumis

milsadenebis mSeneblobam

regions misi uZvelesi,

savaWro gzajvaredinis funqcia

daubruna. arqeologiurma

samuSaoebma, romlebic azerbaijani-

saqarTvelo-TurqeTis milsadenebis

arqeologiuri programis farglebSi

ganxorcielda, maspinZeli qveynebis

kulturisa da istoriis Seswavlis

saqmeSi mniSvnelovani wvlili

Seitana, amasTan kidev erTxel

daadastura, rom es regioni bolo

oTxi aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis

urTierTgadakveTisa da Serwymis

adgili iyo. regionSi socialuri

da kulturuli kavSirebis

bolodroindeli gamococxleba kidev

erTxel miuTiTebs am istoriul

kavSirebze.

Tavi 2

kulturis istoria gzajvaredinze

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 49

This mosaic, created by the Azerbaijani artistHuseyn Hagverdi, depicts the unifying nature of thepipeline that links Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey,including the resultant economic and culturalbenefits. Each country is represented by imagesof historical monuments located in their respectivecapitals. The mosaic is located at the CaspianEnegry Centre at the Sangachal oil and gasterminal, 55km from Baku.

azerbaijaneli mxatvris, husein hagverdis mier Seqmnili es mozaika azerbaijanis, saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis kulturisa da ekonomikis damakavSirebeli milsadenis mniSvnelobas asaxavs. TiToeuli qveyana warmodgenilia maT dedaqalaqebSi daculi istoriuli ZeglebiT. mozaika baqodan 55 km-Si, sangaCalis terminalis teritoriazea ganTavsebuli.

this chapter presents a brief narrative of each country’s cultural history, with selected examples of how the findings from along the pipelines’ route have increased knowledge of them. the pipelines corridor covers only a small percentage of the total land area of the three nations, and the findings from the excavations are only a part of the data from which understanding of the past derives. Nonetheless the results of the aGt pipelines archaeological program have expanded what is known about almost every time period in the history of the countries. the following chapter discusses the archaeological sites within each of the countries.

am TavSi mokled aris gadmocemuli

TiToeuli qveynis kulturis istoria

da SerCeul magaliTebze dayrdnobiT

naCvenebi, Tu rogor Seuwyo xeli

mSeneblobisas aRmoCenilma arqeologiurma

masalam arsebuli codnis gaRrmavebas.

milsadenebis derefani sami qveynis

teritoriis mxolod mcire nawilze

gadis da gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli

masalac, ra Tqma unda, mxolod mciredi

nawilia im didi masalisa, romlebic Cven

warsulis kvlevaSi gvexmareba. miuxedavad

amisa, azerbaijani-saqarTvelo-TurqeTis

milsadenebis arqeologiurma programam

xeli Seuwyo am qveynebis istoriuli

warsulis TiTqmis yvela periodis Sesaxeb

dagrovili codnis gaRrmavebas. Semdeg

TavSi aRwerilia am programis dros

Seswavlili arqeologiuri Zeglebi. 1

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor50

Azerbaijan by Najaf Museyibli 2

Paleolithic/Epipaleolithic Period (2 million years BC – circa 8000 years BC) archaeological excavations at azikh cave in the Garabagh region of Azerbaijan demonstrate that ancient people populated this territory circa 2 million years ago. Discovered within the cave was a mandible fragment belonging to an azikhantrop human that dates to 350,000-400,000 years ago in addition to one of the world’s oldest discoveries: the remains of a fireplace dating to 700,000 years ago. the Middle paleolithic period, dating to approximately 150,000 years ago to 35,000-40,000 years ago, was the era of the Neanderthals. rich artifact finds that were discovered in Azikh cave and neighboring Taghlar cave reflect the daily lifestyles and technological progresses (such as stone tool development) fostered by Middle paleolithic people. Modern humans continually developed new technologies as they expanded geographically. presently, modern human origin scholarship focuses on cave and shelter sites.

the Upper (Late) paleolithic period in the Caucasian and anatolia regions commenced circa 35,000-40,000 years ago and progressed until the 14th millennium BC. this was followed by the Mesolithic-epipaleolithic period, which spanned from the 13th through the 8th millenniums BC. technology continued to improve in the form of more complicated stone tools and the creation of some of the first examples of fine art. The germs of later forms of production developed during the Mesolithic period. 3

azerbaijani (avtori najaf museibli 2)

paleoliTi da epipaleoliTi (2 milioni – Zv.w. 8000)

azerbaijanSi,Aazixis gamoqvabulSi

Catarebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma

gamoavlina, rom es mxare 2 milioni wlis

winaT iyo dasaxlebuli. gamoqvabulSi

aRmoCenili qveda ybis Zvali azixanTrops

miekuTvneba, romelic 350,000-400,000

wlis winandeli droiT TariRdeba.

aqvea 700 000 wliT daTariRebuli,

msoflioSi erT erTi uadresi kera.

Sua paleoliTi (150,000-40,000/35,000 ww)

neandertaleli adamianis arsebobis

periodia. azixisa da mis mezoblad

mdebare TaRlaris gamoqvabulebSi

Catarebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma

informacia mogvawoda imdroindeli

adamianis cxovrebis wesisa da qvis

iaraRis teqnologiuri ganviTarebis

Sesaxeb. amJamad, Tanamedrove mecniereba

adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb mimarTulia

mRvimeebisa da Ria sadgomebis

Seswavlisaken.

zeda paleoliTi kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi

35,000-40,000 wlis winaT daiwyo da Zv.w. XIV

aTaswleulamde gagrZelda. mas mosdevs

mezoliTi (XIII-VIII aTaswleulebi).

daixvewa qvis iaraRi da ganviTarda

xelovnebac. 3

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 51

Upper paleolithic and Mesolithic period-related sites have been discovered in the Caucasus, such as that located on the Gobustan reserve in Azerbaijan. Most notably, Gobustan features rock art inscriptions that reflect the lifestyle of Upper paleolithic and Mesolithic people in addition to buried archaeological material. Gobustan became especially important to Azerbaijan’s own history when archaeologists discovered Mesolithic burials. anthropological analysis has shown that the skull traits of humans found in these burials are linked to today’s Azerbaijani population. 4

Neolithic Period (ca. 7000 – 4500 BC), Eneolithic/Chalcolithic Period (ca. 4500 – 3500 BC), and Early Bronze Age (ca. 3500 – 2200 BC) the transition from the hunting-and-gathering societies of the paleolithic era to farming-based communities—a shift commonly known as the Neolithic revolution—culminated in the Neolithic age. One hallmark of the Neolithic revolution was the development of farming and cattle-breeding strategies based on sedentary societies. a new cultural pattern developed in the Kura basin of western Azerbaijan and southeastern Georgia known as the Shumatapa culture. examples of this culture were found during excavations in the aGt pipelines corridor.

the emergence of early copper metallurgy alongside traditional stone tools marked the subsequent period, known as the eneolithic or Chalcolithic age. During this age, much of western asia saw the expansion of isolated villages into regional trade systems, a hallmark of incipient civilizations.

zeda paleoliTisa da mezoliTuri

xanis Zeglebi kavkasiaSicaa aRmoCenili:

magaliTad, azerbaijanSi, gobusTaniSi.

aRsaniSnavia gobusTanis gamosaxulebebi,

romlebic arqeologiur masalasTan

erTad imdroindeli adamianebis yofaze

mogviTxrobs. gobusTanSi arqeologebma

mezoliTur samarxebs miakvlies.

anTropologiurma kvlevebma aCvena, rom

micvalebulebis Tavis qalebiAazerbaijanis

dRevandel mosaxleobas ukavSirdeba. 4

neoliTi (Zv.w. 7000 – 4500ww.), eneoliTi (Zv.w. 4500 – 3500ww) da adre brinjaos xana (Zv.w. 3500 – 2200ww)

paleoliTuri samonadireo-Semgrovebluri

meurneoba TandaTanobiT samiwaTmoqmedo-

mesaqonle, mwarmoeblurma meurneobam

Secvala, rac neoliTuri revoluciis

saxeliTaa cnobili. dasavleT

azerbaijansa da aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi am droisaTvis Sulaver-

SomuTefes adresamiwaTmoqmedo kultura

Camoyalibda. milsadenebis arealis

arqeologiuri Seswavlisas ramdenime

Zegli aRmoCnda, romlebic am kulturas

miekuTvneba.

qvis iaraRis warmoebasTan erTad

eneoliTur xanaSi adamianma spilenZis

damuSaveba daiwyo. am droisaTvis

dasavleT aziaSi daiwyo mcire,

izolirebuli dasaxlebebis gafarToeba

da maTi regionalur savaWro sistemaSi

CarTva, rac civilizaciis warmoSobas

moaswavebda. am istoriul periods

eneoliTs an qalkoliTis periods

uwodeben. XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi,

azerbaijanSi, leilaTefeze Catarebulma

arqeologiurma gaTxrebma eneoliTuri

xanis axali monacemebi gamoamzeura.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor52

This petroglyth from the Gobustan National Historical-Artistic Preserve depicts several human figures, and possibly a representation of a boat.

es petroglifi gobusTanis xelovnebisa da istoriis erovnuli nakrZalidan warmogvidgens ramdenime adamianisa da navis gamosaxulebas.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 53

aRmoCnda, rom arqiteqturuli detalebi,

liTonis warmoeba, bavSvTa samarxebi

da keramikuli morgvis gamoyeneba am

Zegls mniSvnelovnad ganasxvavebda

samxreT kavkasiis Tanadrouli

Zeglebisagan. am aRmoCenam safuZveli

daudo leilaTefes kulturis Seswavlas.

leilaTefes kultura ukavSirdeba

Crdilo mesopotamiur ubeidisa da

uruqis kulturebs, romlebic Zv.w.

IV aTaswleulis pirveli naxevriT

TariRdeba. irkveva, rom eneoliTis xanaSi,

leilaTefeze mesopotamiidan samxreT

kavkasiaSi wamosuli tomebi dasaxlebulan.

dasavleT azerbaijanSi energoderefnis

mSeneblobisas leilaTefes kulturis

araerTi saintereso Zegli gamoavlina,

ramac kavkasiis arqeologiis sakiTxebis

kritikulad gaazrebas Seuwyo xeli

(buiuq qaSiqis, foilo II-sa da agilidaras

namosaxlarebi, soiuqbulaqis samarxebi).

maTi monacemebi axal masalas gvawvdis

kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis

eTnikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli

urTierTobebis Sesaxeb da evropeli,

rusi da qarTveli specialistebis

dainteresebas iwvevs. maikopis kulturisa

da mesopotamiuri Zeglebis savaraudo

urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb azrebi

adrec gamoTqmula, magram aRniSnuli

Zeglebis Seswavlam es mosazrebebi

daadastura.

archaeological excavations in the early 1980s at the old Leylatapa residential area in the Garadagh region of Azerbaijan revealed novel traces of the eneolithic period. It was later discovered that the architectural findings (ironware, infant graves in clay pots, earthenware prepared using potter’s wheel and other features) significantly differ from the archaeological complexes of the same period in the South Caucasus. From these findings, a new archaeological culture (the Leylatapa) was discovered. research indicates that this culture was genetically connected with the Ubeid and Uruk cultures, which were archaeological complexes in Northern Mesopotamia that date to the first half of the 4th millennium BC. It has been determined that the Leylatapa residential area was built by ancient tribes migrating from the Northern Mesopotamia to the South Caucasus during the eneolithic period.

In western Azerbaijan, a number of Leylatapa-related archaeological sites were uncovered within the BtC and SCp pipelines corridor, which created tremendous opportunities for critical scientific research concerned with archaeology in the Caucasus. Relevant sites include the Boyuk Kasik (438km), Poylu II (408.8km), Agılıdara (358km) settlement sites and the Soyuqbulaq burial mounds (432km). these monuments are critical for the investigation of ethnic, economic and cultural relationships within the Caucasus and Middle east, which has resulted in scientists from europe, russia and Georgia all showing immense interest in these sites. For example, a relationship between the North Caucasian Maykop sites and those of Mesopotamia was suspected by the scientific community for many years, however it wasn’t until archaeological excavations were conducted at the above-mentioned sites that a link was confirmed.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor54

The Kura-Araxes civilization of the Early Bronze age replaced the eneolithic period in the middle of the 4th millennium BC in the southern Caucasus. the main features of this society were the production of bronze, black, and dark gray glazed pots with hemispherical handles, the rapid development of a cattle-breeding economy, and the spread of mound-type graves. The Kura-Araxes culture extended from the South Caucasus to what is now the republic of Dagestan to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It came to an end in the third quarter of the 3rd millennium BC.

three kurgan (burial mound) monuments referring to the Kura-Araxes culture have been discovered and excavated in the western side of Shamkirchai river along the pipeline route on 332-333 km in Azerbaijan. Excavation of these kurgans has provided valuable information about the burial traditions, economic and cultural relations of the early Bronze age population of the region.

Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi

samxreT kavkasiis eneoliTuri

kulturaAadrebrinjaos mtkvar-araqsulma

kulturam Secvala, romlisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia brinjaos warmoeba,

Tixis Savi da ruxi feris naprialebi

keramika, mesaqonleobis ganviTareba

da gorasamarxebis gavrceleba. igi

vrceldeboda daRestnidan da samxreT

kavkasiis aRmosavleTi nawilidan

xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiromde.

misi dasasruli Zv.w. III aTaswleulis

mesame meoTxedSi ivaraudeba.

azerbaijanSi, md. SamqirCais dasavleT

napirze, milsadenis gaswvriv sami mtkvar-

araqsuli yorRani gaiTxara. maTma

Seswavlam mniSvnelovani informacia

mogvawoda regionis adrebrinjaos xanis

mosaxleobaze.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 55

Smaller finds from Boyuk Kasik in Azerbaijan include the clay human and animal figurines shown above.

buiuq qaSiqis arqeologiuri monapovarSi gvxvdeba Tixis anTropomorfuli da zoomorfuli figurebi.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor56

Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2200 – 1500 BC), Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. (ca. 1500 – 500 BC)

During the Middle Bronze age, an early urban culture appeared in azerbaijan marked by glazed pottery. Similar urban residential areas were discovered and excavated in the Nakhchivan and Garabagh regions. also during this period the Uzarliktapa and tazakand archaeological cultures were wide spread throughout azerbaijan. It was also a time when local populations strengthened their economic and cultural ties with Middle eastern civilizations. Several graves were found in Ganja-Gazakh region before the construction of the pipelines, specifically graves were discovered at the Babadervish site in the Gazakh region and near the Garajamirli village in the Shamkir region. the most extensive archaeological excavations conducted along the pipelines route were those settlements that date to the Late Bronze and early Iron ages. a sample of sites that are located in the Ganja-Gazakh region, Garabagh region, southeastern Georgia and area northeast of present-day armenia are associated with the Khojali-Gadabay culture dating to the second half of the 2nd millennium and beginning of the 1st millennium BC. the Borsunlu burial mound (272km) in the Goranboy region, the Zayamchai necropolis (365km) in the Shamkir region, the Tovuzchai necropolis (378km) in the Tovuz region, and the hasansu necropolis (398.8km) in the agstafa region excavated within the pipeline corridor all reflect this culture.

Suabrinjaos xana (Zv.w. 2200 – 1500ww.), gvianbrinjaos xana (Zv.w. 1500 – 1200ww.), rkinis xana (Zv.w. 1200 – 500ww.)

Sua brinjaos xanaSiAazerbaijanis

teritoriaze adreurbanuli kultura

yalibdeba. urbanuli dasaxlebebi

yarabaxisa da naxWevanis teritoriazea

Seswavlili. am dros azerbaijanSi

uzalrikTefesa da tazakentis

kulturebi iyo gavrcelebuli.

adgilobriv mosaxleobas am droisaTvis

gacxovelebuli kulturul-ekonomikuri

urTierTobebi qonda axlo aRmosavleTis

civilizaciebTan. am periodis ramdenime

samarxi milsadenis mSeneblobamdec iyo

Seswavlili yarajamirlisa (yazaxis

raioni)da babaderviSis samarovnebze

(Samqoris raioni). milsadenebis

teritoriaze yvelaze meti gvianbrinjaosa

da adrerkinis xanis Zegli aRmoCnda. Zv.w.

II aTaswelulis dasasrulsa da Zv.w I

aTaswleulis dasawyisSi azerbaijanis

ganja-yazaxisa da yarabaxis raionebSi,

agreTve mis mosazRvre teritoriebze

saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi gavrcelebuli

iyo xojali-gebadeis kultura. borsunlus

yorRani goranbois raionSi, ziamCais

(Samqoris raioni), TovuzCais (Tovuzis

raioni) da hasansus (aRstafis raioni)

samarovnebi swored am kulturas

miekuTvneba.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 57

adre Suasaukuneebis, marTkuTxa, ornamentirebuli muslimuri saflavis qvebi aRmoCnda samSeneblo samuSaoebisas da arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas Zveli baqos samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi.

Rectangular Muslim gravestones with ornaments ascribed to the early medieval times discovered during the construction and archaeological excavations on the south-western part of Icheri Sheher (Old city) in Baku.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor58

Overall, more than 200 grave monuments related to the Upper Bronze-early Iron age have been excavated in the pipeline corridor. the deceased were positioned on their right or left sides with their arms and legs folded. they typically adorn trinkets, weapons, earthenware among other items displayed around the deceased’s body. the excavation of these rich monuments has provided ample material for investigating the ancient funeral traditions of the region. also of note during this time are the ancient kingdoms of Manna (azerbaijan) and Urartu (eastern anatolia), which were contemporaries of the Khojali-Gadabay culture during the early Iron age.

milsadenebis arqeologiuri programisas,

sxvadasxva Zeglze gvianbrinjaosa da

adrerkinis xanis orasze meti samarxi

gaiTxara. samarxTa umravlesobaSi,

gverdze, kidurebmokecilad dakrZaluli

micvalebulebis garSemo aRmoCnda

keramikuli nawarmi, iaraRi da samkauli. aq

mopovebuli nivTebi dakrZalvis ritualis

kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovan masalas

gvawvdis. aRsaniSnavia, rom adrerkinis

xanaSi, xojali-gadabais kulturis

paralelurad manasa (azerbaijanSi)

da urartus (aRmosavleT anatoliaSi)

samefoebi arsebobda.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 59

Pots from the Hasansu site in Azerbaijan werecoated with black polish, or burnished (polishedto a shiny surface) during production. The whitepaint on this 17th-16th century BC pot, which is26 centimeters wide and 24 centimeters tall, formsa striking pattern that, according to NajafMüseyibli, symbolizes the sun. Ancient peoplesoften considered the sun as a source of fertilityand used its image to decorate house wares andjewelry. The pot’s rich color and decoration, and theabsence of traces of fire on its bottom, indicate thatit was used to serve guests on special occasions.

hasansus yorRanis keramika Savad gamomwvari da naprialebia. XVII – XVI saukunis WurWelze (sigane 26 sm., simaRle 24 sm.) TeTri saRebaviT datanili ornamenti mzis simbolos warmoadgens. uZveles xalxebs miaCndaT, rom mze nayofierebis wyaroa da sxvadasxva nivTebs xSirad amkobdnen misi gamosaxulebebiT. WurWlis mdidari ferebi da dekori, agreTve cecxlis kvalis ararseboba imaze migvaniSnebs, rom am nivTs gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisaTvis iyenebdnen.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor60

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 61

This handsome ceramic pot, which is 28.5 centimeters high and 31 centimeters wide, was found in the Tovuzchai necropolis in the Tovuz region of Azerbaijan in 2004. It dates from the 12th-11th centuries BC. A highly stylized zoomorphic ornament on its upper side represents either a snake or a horse. Many scholars in the Caucasus today interpret zoomorphic images such as these to be linked to magic or fertility rituals or decorations.

Zv. w. XII-XI saukuneebis es WurWeli (simaRle - 28,5 sm, diametri - 31 sm.) TovuzCais samarovanze aRmoCnda. mis zeda nawilze datanilia stilizebuli, zoomorfuli ornamenti romelic gvels an cxens gamosaxavs. aseTi zoomorfuli gamosaxulebebi, savaraudod, nayofierebis magiur ritualTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor62

This single strand of alluring carnelian beads foundat the Zayamchai necropolis in the Shamkir districtof Azerbaijan in 2003, dates from the Late BronzeAge to the Early Iron Age. Beads like these werepainstakingly crafted by hand. Najaf Müseyiblisuggests that they were not only worn for theirbeauty, but also sometimes for the magical andspiritual protection they were thought to provide the wearer, or for their curative value.

ziamCais samarovanze 2003 wels aRmoCenili sardionis mZivebi gvianbrinjao - adrerkinis xaniT TariRdeba. mZivebi xeliT, guldasmiTaa damuSavebuli. doqtor najaf museiblis azriT, am lamaz mZivebs, romlebic samkaulad gamoiyeneboda, magiuri daniSnulebac hqonda da samkurnalo Tvisebebsac miawerdnen.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 63

This symmetrical bronze pendant, found at the Zayamchai archaeological site in the Shamkir district of Azerbaijan in 2003, dates from the 13th-12th centuries BC, the Bronze Age. It has a diameter of 10.5 centimeters. The design may symbolize the sun according to scholars in the Caucasus, a symbol of warmth and fecundity.

ziamCais samarovanze 2003 wels aRmoCenili da Zv. w. XIII-XII saukuneebiT daTariRebuli brinjaos, simetriuli sakidi 10,5 santimetris diametrisaa. igi, savaraudod, mzis – siTbosa da nayofierebis simboloa.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor64

Early Antique (Hellenistic) Period (ca. 500 – 200 BC) Several of the sites along the pipeline route in Azerbaijan date from what archaeologists call the early antique period. During this period, Azerbaijan had close economic-trading and cultural-political relations with the Near east and Greco-roman world. the archaeological excavations conducted inform us of the high level of these relations. During this period, the kingdoms of Caucasian albania and Iberia (Kartli) occupied the territories of present-day Azerbaijan and Georgia, respectively. To the west and north lived the Scythians, Sarmatians, and inhabitants of the Kingdom of Colchis. the Medes, assyrian, and neo-Babylonian empires located to the south and southwest were eventually replaced by the persian empire.

adreantikuri xana (Zv.w. 400 – 200ww.)

azerbaijanSi, milsadenebis arealSi

Seswavlili Zeglebis erTi nawils

arqeologebi adreantikuri xaniT

aTariReben. Aam drois azerbaijans axlo

politikur-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi

qonda axlo aRmosavleTTan da berZnul-

romaul samyarosTan, rac arqeologiuri

gaTxrebiTac dasturdeba.Aazerbaijanisa

da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze

am droisaTvis albanelebi da iberebi

saxlobdnen, romlebsac dasavleTidan

kolxeTis samefo, CrdiloeTidan skviTebi

da sarmatebi emezoblebodnen, samxreTiT -

asureTis, midiisa da babilonis samefoebi

am droisaTvis iranis aqemenidurma

imperiam Caanacvla.

Excavations near the Girag Kasaman sites (called Girag Kasaman II) revealed several burials from the Antique Period, which in Azerbaijan is considered to span from the 4th century BC to the 7th century AD. The grave offerings included a variety of pottery vessels.

girag qasaman II ze Catarebulma gaTxrebmaantikuri xanis (azerbaijanSi Zv.w. IV – ax.w VIIss). ramdenime samarxi gamoavlina. Samarxebi mravalferovan masalas, maT Soriskeramikas Seicavda.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 65

Albanian alphabet, consisting of 52 letters was created in the 5th century.

albanuri anbani V saukuneSi Seiqmna da 52 asos Seicavda.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor66

Cyrus the Great, King of Persia, defeated the Medes in 553 BC. the persian achaemenid empire, which began with Cyrus, encompassed a vast area from afghanistan to thrace (in what is today Bulgaria and northern Greece). this empire established the critical role the persians played in the historical development of southwest asia and influenced all the countries of the South Caucasus and anatolia.

Following his victory over Darius achaemenid of Persia at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC, Macedonian King Alexander the Great occupied Media, an event that contributed to the spread of Greek culture in the South Caucasus. After alexander’s death in 323 BC, his empire was divided among several successors. eastern anatolia and portions of the South Caucasus (southern portions of Caucasian albania and Caucasian Iberia) went to Seleucus (Salavki), a Macedonian general who established the Seleucid dynasty, which continued the hellenization of the region and strengthened connections with the Mediterranean world.

the expansion of roman power into the region during the last century BC, and the incorporation of much of it into the roman empire during the first three centuries AD, reinforced the Mediterranean influences in the region. To establish its authority, rome initially dispatched some of its most famous generals, such as Lucullus, pompey, to counter the burgeoning power of the parthians from south and east of the Caspian, and later kept legions stationed in the area to consolidate its control. the stability provided by roman authority helped strengthen economic and social connections in the region.

iranis mefe kiros didma Zv.w. 553

wels midielebi daamarcxa da Seqmna

aqemeniduri imperia, romelic moicavda

uzarmazar teritorias avRaneTidan

Trakiamde (Tanamedrove bulgareTi

da Crdilo saberZneTi).Aam sparsulma

imperiam uzarmazari roli iTamaSa axlo

aRmosavleTis ganviTarebaSi da didi

gavlena moaxdina kavkasiisa da antoliis

saxelmwifoebze.

331 wels aleqsandre makedonelma

gavgamelas brZolaSi iranis mefe

dariosi daamarcxa da midia daikava,

ramac kavkasiaSi berZnuli kulturis

gavrcelebas Seuwyo xeli. aleqsandrem

Camoayaliba axali - elinistur-sparsuli

aristokratia, romlis saSualebiT unda

emarTa uzarmazari imperia - Sua azias,

iransa da indoeTsac rom moicavda.

323 wels, aleqsandres gardacvalebis

Semdeg imperia misma TanamebrZolebma

dainawiles. aRmosavleTi Aanatolia da

kavkasiis nawili ergo makedonel general

selevkoss, romelmac safuZveli daudo

selevkidebis dinastias, ganagrZo regionis

elinizacia da xmelTaSuazRvispireTTan

ganamtkica urTierToba.

Zv.w. dasasrulisaTvis regionSi romis

eqspansia daiwyo. ax.w I_III saukuneebSi

ki samxreT kavkasiis didi nawili

ki mis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, ramac

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis gavlena gaaZliera.

sakuTari Zalauflebis gansamtkiceblad

da kavkasiaidan parTielebis gansadevnad

romi Tavis cnobil sardlebs, lukulussa

da pompeuss agzavnida. SemdgomSi

misi legionebi regionSi kontrolis

SesanarCuneblad rCebodnen. romaelTa

yofnam regions ekonomikuri socialuri

mdgradoba moutana.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 67

This small vessel, from a jar grave near Yevlakh, Azerbaijan, may have been a grave offering. The decorations, burnishing (polishing), and small feet are reflective of a non-utilitarian vessel. It is likely the pot had a lid, as suggested by the small holes in the flaring handles.

es patara WurWeli azerbaijanSi, evlaxSi, aRmoCenili qvevrsamarxidanaa. misi mxatvruli gaformeba, naprialebi zedapiri da mcire zomis fexi miuTiTebs, rom igi yoveldRiuri moxmarebis nivTi ar iyo. mas, savaraudod, sarqveli unda hqonoda.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor68

the state of Caucasian albania was established in the 4th century BC. Caucasian albania covered the territory of the present day Azerbaijan republic and the territories up to Goyja (Sevan) lake and South Dagestan. Its capital was Gabala and starting from the 5th century, the city of Barda. Derbend, Shamakhi, Shabran, Baylagan were other big cities of this state. Strabo, ptolemy, pliny, Cassius, plutarch and other antique period authors have provided information about Caucasian albania. Diverse religious traditions, including Zoroastrianism and Christianity, were practiced from the first years of AD. At the beginning of the 4th century, a certain segment of the alban society (including political elites), accepted Christianity. the existence of different religions in Albania is shown at burial sites, including pots, wooden boxes, catacombs and Christian graves. all of these graves were encountered in the pipelines corridor. the aforementioned graves of the Caucasian albany were discovered and excavated at 200, 204, 241, 316, 335,.336, 406, 408.8, 409.1 kms of the pipeline route. rich domestic items, trinkets and weapons were found in these graves; they proved that different types of craftsmanship were highly developed in Caucasian albania. Jewelry brought from the Near east provides information on albania’s vast economic and cultural relations. remains of one residential area dating from the 5th-3rd centuries BC and several burial sites were discovered during archaeological excavations conducted near the Girag Kasaman village in the agstafa region. In spite of the rural nature of this settlement, the remains of a metal-working kiln and numerous spindle whorls indicate the presence of local metal-working and weaving industries.

albaneTis samefo Zv.w IV saukuneSi

daarsda da Tanamedrove azerbaijanis,

samxreT daRestanisa da sevanis tbis

mimdebare teritoriebs moicavda.Mmisi

dedaqalaqi yabala, V saukunidan ki

bardavi iyo. darubandi, Samqori, Sarbani

da bailagani misi mniSvnelovani qalaqebi

iyo. albaneTis Sesaxeb Semonaxulia

strabonis, ptolemeusis, pliniusis,

kasiusisa da plutarqes cnobebi.

IV saukunis dasawyisSi albaneTma

qristianoba miiRo. mravalreliguroba

kargadaa asaxuli samarovnebze, sadac

qvevrsamarxebs, xis kuboebs, katakombebsa

da qristianul samarxebs vxvdebiT.

yvela CamoTvlili saxeobis samarxebi

milsadenebis derefanSic agdaSis, evlaxis,

iadilis, seidlaris, Cafarlis, girag-

qasaman II-is, foilosa da foilo II-is

samarovnebze gamovlinda. samarxebSi

aRmoCenili sxvadasxva daniSnulebis

nivTebis mdidruli asortimenti

albaneTSi xelosnobis ganviTarebis

maRal doneze migviTiTebs. axlo

aRmosavleTidan Semotanili samkauli ki

ganviTarebul ekonomikur da kulturul

urTierTobebze metyvelebs. sainteresoa

aRstafas raionSi, sof. girag-hasamanSi

aRmoCenili, V-III saukuneebis namosaxlari

da samarxebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Zegli

aSkarad sofluri dasaxlebis tipisaa,

masze dafiqsirda rkinis sadnobi Rumelis

naSTi da bevri kvirisTavi, rac aq rkinis

metalurgiisa da rTvis ganviTarebaze

miuTiTebs.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 69

Antique Period-Early Medieval Period (ca. 200 BC – 650 AD) The later Antique Period is identified with the Roman Empire and the first centuries of the Byzantine empire. the end of this period is generally dated, by archaeologists in Azerbaijan, to coincide with the rise of Islam. this period saw rome’s expansion into southwest asia, as well as the subjugation of the unified Caucasian Albanian Kingdom of the South Caucasus by the persian Sassanid empire. the Sassanians strove to subjegate the South Caucasian states, while simultaneously attempting to limit incursions from northern tribes originating from the south russian steppes. In pursuit of the latter, they built a series of walls near Derbent, Azerbaijan. Imposing remains still stand, forming one of the region’s largest extant fortresses. In 5th century albanian alphabet, consisting of 52 letters was created.

Inscriptions at Gobustan and near Derbent document the roman presence in the Caucasus. Rome’s 12th legion, which was based at different times in Cappadocia and the highlands east of anatolia, may have exercised roman dominion over the greater Kura Valley and placed forces at the Derbent Gates. From this strategic location, the romans could have controlled movement between the North Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian Sea, thus restricting the migration of Goths and Huns from the Russian steppes. Azerbaijani archaeologists and historians believe that the community of ramany on the absheron peninsula north of Baku may have begun as a roman encampment.

antikuri xana da adre SuasaukuneebiA (Zv.w. 200 – ax.w. 650ww.)

gvianantikuri xana azerbaijanSi

romis imperiis Zlierebis xaniTa da

bizantiis imperiis pirveli saukuneebiT

ganisazRvreba.Aazerbaijaneli

arqeologebis azriT, am periodis

dasasruli islamis SemoRebas emTxveva.

am drois ganmavlobaSi regionSi jer

romi batonobda, Semdeg sasanurma imperiam

albaneTis samefo daimorCila. sasanuri

saxelmwifo cdilobda samxreTkavkasiur

saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli

dapirispirebebi gadaelaxa da aq samxreT

ruseTis stepebSi mobinadre momTabare

tomebis SemoWra aRekveTa.Aam miznebisaTvis

maT derbentSi im droisaTvis erT-

erTi mniSvnelovani TavdacviTi sistema

aages, romlis nawilic dRevandlamdea

SemorCenili. V saukuneSi Seiqmna albanuri

anbani, romelic 52 asos Seicavda.

gobusTansa da derbentSi aRmoCenili

warwerebi romaelTa kavkasiaSi yofnas

adasturebs. ivaraudeba, rom romis me-12

legionis erTi nawili, romlis ZiriTadi

dislokaciis adgilebi kapadokia da

aRmosavleTi anatolia iyo, derbentSi idga,

saidanac mtkvris xeobas akontrolebda.

garda amisa, kavkasiis mTebsa da kaspiis

zRvas Soris arsebuli gadasasvlelis

dapyrobiT igi xels uSlida goTebisa da

hunebis migracias samxreT kavkasiisaken.

azerbaijaneli istorikosebisa da

arqeologebis azriT, baqos CrdiloeTiT,

afSeronis naxevarkunZulze arsebuli

ramanis dasaxleba, SesaZloa,

Tavdapirvelad romauli banakidan

warmoSobiliyo.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor70

Members of the 12th Roman Legion (“Fuminata”) carved this important rock-art panel from Gobustan, Azerbaijan, during the reign of Emperor Domitian, ca. 75 AD. The legion, stationed in Cappadocia, was tasked with guarding Eastern Anatolia and the South Caucasus.

romis me-12 legioni “fuminatas” jariskacebma, imperator domicianes zeobisas, 75 wels, gobusTanis kldeze warwera amokveTes. legionis dislokaciis adgili kapadokia iyo, misi mizani ki - samxreT kavkasiisa da aRmisavleT anatoliis dacva.

milsadenebis teritoriis arqeologiuri

kvlevisas aRmoCenilia gvian antikuri da

Sua saukuneebis ramdenime Zegli. seidlar

II (samuxis raioni) da Cafarli (Samqoris

raioni) am periodis Zeglebia. Cafarli,

umniSvnelovanesi Zeglia da am periods

saukeTesod warmogviCens. masze adre

Suasaukuneebis arqiteqturuli detalebia

warmodgenili. rogorc Cans, igi albanur

sazogadoebas ekuTvnoda. arqiteqturul

detalze SemorCenil jvarze arsebuli

warwera gamTxrelebs aq qristianuli

samlocvelos arsebobas avaraudebinebs.

the aGt pipelines archaeological program found a few examples of antique period and later Medieval sites. the Seyidlar II residential area in the Samukh district (316 km) and the settlement and graveyard near the Chaparli village in the Shamkir district (335/336 km) are two such examples. the Chaparli site in particular is noteworthy because it contains early Medieval graves and architectural remains. the carved limestone decorations in the area, one of which appears to depict a cross, led the excavators to interpret the structure as an early Christian chapel, belonging to a local albanian community.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 71

This historic caravansaray (inn) in Sheki, Azerbaijan, has been refurbished as a contemporary hotel complex, with brick-lined corridors opening onto a courtyard.

es istoriuli qarvasla SaqSi (azerbaijani) Tanamedrove sastumrodaa gadakeTebuli, romlis aguriT nagebi derefnebi Sida ezoSi gadis.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor72

Medieval Period (ca. 650 – 1800AD) The Medieval Period in Azerbaijan saw the arrival and growth of Islamic culture, continuation of political upheaval, economic gains, and a flourishing intellectual environment whereby advances were made in the sciences and arts. In the middle of the 7th century, prior to arabian advancement, the Mihranid Dynasty of Caucasian Albania dominated in Azerbaijan. this dynasty also reported to the Iranian Shahs – Sasanian overloards. the Mihranids supported the Sasanians in fights against the Arabian conquerors during the 7th century. This support continued when the arabian conquerors defeated the Sasanians completely and put an end to the dictatorship of the Sasanians over Iran and the South Caucasus. Finally, the Mihranids formed a military alliance with the arab Islamic Caliphate. In the 9th century in Azerbaijan under the leadership of Babek, the Mihranids started a great struggle to break free from arab rule which lasted for 20 years. During this period certain portions of Azerbaijan began to be recognized as arran. Yet during this period many arabs also settled in Azerbaijan and became part of the ruling elite. Many of the local Christian and Zoroastrian populace slowly converted to Islam, although Christian communities are thought to have survived well into the Medieval period. Upon the elimination of arabian domination, local state authorities were established in Azerbaijan. Of them, the State of Sajiler connected all the historical lands of Azerbaijan for the first time. The State of Shirvanshahs, the center of which was Shamakhi, existed circa 1,000 years aD.

Sua saukuneebi (650 – 1800ww.)

Sua saukuneebis azerbaijanSi

TandaTanobiT gamoCnda, xolo Semdeg ki

damkvidrda islami, romelic jer arabebma

Semoitanes, Semdgom ki Turanuli modgmis

tomebma gaavrceles. islamurma kulturam

xeli Seuwyo ekonomikis, mecnierebisa da

xelovnebis ganviTarebas. VII saukunis

SuaxanebisaTvis azerbaijans, savaraudod,

albanuri mihranidebis dinastia marTavda,

romelic iranel sasanian Sahebs

emorCileboda. mihranidebi VII saukuneSi,

sasanidebis saboloo damarcxebamde, maT

arabTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi exmarebodnen.

mihranidebi islamur xalifats

daemorCilnen, samagierod ki xelisufleba

IX saukunemde SeinarCunes. azerbaijanis

zogierT nawilSi, babeqis meTaurobiT

daiwyo antiarabuli ajanyebebi, romelic

20 weli grZeldeboda. janyebis dros

damoukidebeli qveynebi gaCnda, romelTa

saerTo saxelwodeba cnobilia, rogorc

arani. TandaTanobiT qveyanaSi mravali

arabi dasaxlda da mmarTveli elitis

nawilad iqca. adgilobrivi qristianuli

da zoroastruli mosaxleoba

TandaTanobiT islams Rebulobda,

Tumca, Suasaukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

ramdenime qristianuli Temi mainc

SemorCa. azerbaijanSi arabTa batonobis

damTavrebis Semdeg sajebis dinastiam

pirvelad gaaerTiana azerbaijanis

istoriuli miwebi. SirvanSahebis samefom

iarseba ax.w. 1000 wlamde.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 73

During the 10th and 11th centuries aD, the Shaddadids and ravvadids dominated portions of what is now Azerbaijan. Over time, the Seljuk empire, which expanded from Central asia to the aegean Sea, subjegated Iran and the southern Caucasus as well. Under the local sway of atabegs (governors) who ruled from their capital of Shamakhi, Azerbaijan played significant cultural and economic roles during the Seljuk period. For example, the great poets Khaghani and Nizami gained fame well beyond Azerbaijan, and continue to be revered for their eloquence and skill. Large cultural and commercial centers such as Ganja, Beylagan, tabriz, Nakhchivan, Shamakhi, and Shamkir, each with populations in the tens of thousands, were developed during this period.

Seljuk domination of the territory of Azerbaijan came to an end during the early 13th century aD, under pressure from Mongols who were moving in from Centra l asia. In 1235, they and the tartars destroyed many of the key cities in Azerbaijan, such as Ganja and Shamkir, and incorporated Azerbaijan into the Mongol Empire. Subsequent unrest followed an invasion by the forces of amir timur (tamerlane) in the late 14th century. It was at this time that the Garagoyunlu and aghgoyunlu states managed to subjugate surrounding regions. at the beginning of the 16th century, Shah Ismayil established the Azerbaijan Safavid State and Tabriz became its capital. Developing rapidly, this state connected all political bodies from Central asia to the Mediterranean Sea and evolved into a mighty empire. 5

X da XI saukuneebSiAazerbaijanis

sxavadasxva nawilebs ganagebda

Sadadidebisa da ravadidebis dinastiebi.

XI saukunidan seljukebma, romelTa

imperia Sua aziidan egeosis zRvamde iyo

gadaWimuli irani da samxreT kavkasia

daimorCiles. azerbaijans, romelic

mniSvnelovan kulturul da ekonomikur

rols asrulebda seljukur samyaroSi,

qalaq Semaxiadan aTabagi marTavda.

Aaq moRvaweobdnenDdidi poetebi xagani

da nizami. am periodSi ganviTarda

kulturuli da komerciuli centrebi:

ganja, Tavrizi, Samqori, Samaqia, romlebSiac

aTiaTasobiT adamiani cxovrobda.

azerbaijanis teritoriaze seljukebis

batonoba XIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

monRolebis SemoWriT dasrulda. 1235

wels maTAazerbaijanis mniSvnelovani

qalaqebi - ganja da Samqori daarbies da

qveyana monRolur imperias miuerTes. XIV

saukunis bolos Temur lengis Semosevebma

qveyanas didi ziani miayena. mogvianebiT

aRyoinlusa da yarayoinlus tomebma

mimdebare teritoriebze gaavrceles

Tavisi Zalaufleba. XVI saukuneSi Sahma

ismailma azerbaijanSi sefianTa dinastia

gabaatona da dedaqalaqad Tavrizi

gamoacxada. qveyana swrafad ganviTarda da

uZlieres imperiad Camoyalibda, romelmac

Sua azia da xmelTaSua zRva daakavSira

erTmaneTTan. 5

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor74

archaeologists from the Institute of archaeology and Ethnography and Azerbaijan’s Nationalacademy of Sciences, have conducted archaeological excavations in a number of villages dating back to the Medieval period, including Girag Kasaman in the Agstafa district, Dashbulag in the Shamkir district and Fakhrali in the Goranboy district. these archaeological sites create opportunities for understanding the economic activity, burial and domestic practices, inter-regional trade networks, and historical understanding of the Islamic period in Azerbaijan. they also augmented understanding of domestic activities and burial practices, as well as economic relations and transportation routes along the Silk Road, as revealed by the trade goods and fine crafts recovered. The continuity of occupation at many of these sites may reflect an unusual degree of cultural stability, in spite of the political turmoil of the period.

extensive excavations dating to the Medieval Period were conducted in cities of Azerbaijan during the second half of the twentieth century, but there were no thorough investigations of village-type settlements. That gap was addressed to some extent by the archaeological excavations conducted within the pipelines corridor. Chapter 3 reviews some of these sites in detail.

azerbaijanis mecnierebaTa akademiis

arqeologiisa da eTnografiis

institutis mecnierebma Sua saukuneebis

araerTi arqeologiuri Zegli -girag

qasamani (aRstafis raioni), daSbulaqi

(Samqoris raioni) da faxrali

(geranbois raioni) Seiswavles. am

samuSaoebma naTeli mohfina imdroindeli

meurneobis, dakrZalvis wesebis, savaWro

urTierTobebis, azerbaijanis islamuri

periodis istoriisa da abreSumis gzis

funqcionirebis sakiTxebs. am ZeglTa

umravlesoba did xans funqcionirebda,

rac miuxedavad mZime politikuri

mdgomareobisa, kulturuli cxovrebis

mdgrad ganviTarebaze migvaniSnebs.

XX saukunis meore naxevarSiAazerbaijanis

Sua saukuneebis qalaqebis teritoriaze

intensiuri arqeologiuri gaTxrebi

mimdinareobda, magram sasoflo

dasaxlebebi kargad ar iyo Seswavlili.

es nakli milsadenis mSneblobisas

Seivso. wignis mesame TavSi am periodis

zogierTi Zeglis detaluri aRwera iqneba

warmodgenili.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 75

In 2004, these gold earrings, 3.4 centimeters indiameter and dating from the 5th-4th centuriesBC, were found in Azerbaijan’s Samux region in awoman’s grave, placed near her ears. The endsof the earrings are in the shape of the head of asnake, which in ancient times may have representedwisdom, a sense of unity, and protection. The snakeimage has also been associated with medicine andthe underworld.

2004 wels azerbaijanSi, samuxis raionSi, gaiTxara Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis qalis samarxi, sadac oqros es sayureebi (diametri - 3,4 sm) aRmoCnda. sayureebis boloebi gvelis Tavis formisaa. warsulSi gveli sibrZnis simbolod miiCneoda.Mmisi gamosaxulebebi ukavSirdeba medicinas, qvesknels, sieSmakesa da intuicias da agreTve gaaxalgazrdavebasac ki.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor76

saqarTvelo

paleoliTi da epipaleoliTi (1.8 milioni – Zv.w. 8000 w.)

qveynis saxeli - saqarTvelo ukavSirdeba

erT-erT qarTvelur toms, qarTs,

romelmac qarTveli eris CamoyalibebaSi

umniSvnelovanesi roli iTamaSa. jer kidev

qveda paleoliTidan qveynis teritoria

mudmivad iyo dasaxlebuli. dmanisSi

Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas

aRmoCenili adamianis winaprebis asaki 1,8

milions wels aRwevs. aqauri hominidebi

afrikis gareT dasaxlebuli adamianis

uZvelesi winaprebi arian. saqarTvelos

teritoriaze qvis xanis SedarebiT

gviandeli periodebis araerTi Zeglicaa

mikvleuli. milsadenebis gaswvriv am

drois dasaxlebebi ar aRmoCenila,

Tumca, zedapirulad mikvleuli qvis

xanis iaraRebi imaze migviTiTebs, rom

am teritoriis maxloblad qvis xanis

sxvadasxva periodis arqeologiuri

Zeglebia sagulvebeli.

Georgia

Paleolithic/Epipaleolithic Age (ca. 1.8 million years – 8000 BC)

the native name for the country of Georgia is Sakartvelo, named after the ancient Georgian tribe Kartli, which played the central role in the long process of ethnogenesis of the Georgian nation. the territory of modern-day Georgia has been inhabited since the paleolithic age. the earliest remains of human ancestors outside of africa were unearthed at the Dmanisi archaeological site, which dates from approximately 1.8 million years ago. The site has yielded the remains of at least five pre-human hominids, and examples of some of the earliest tools associated with human ancestors. Later prehistoric remains (paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic) have been discovered in numerous caves and open-air sites in Georgia. No sites from these periods were, however, found along the pipeline route in Georgia, even though surface findings indicated that there should be Stone Age or other pre-Chalcolithic sites in the area.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 77

Chalcolithic/Eneolithic (ca. 5500 – 3000 BC)

the early agricultural culture of the Caucasus developed during the 6th millennium BC, and by the second half of the 4th millennium BC, it had evolved into the Kura-Araxes culture that extended across the Caucasus, northern Iran, and eastern anatolia.

the aGt pipelines archaeological program involved excavations at several archaeological sites from the Chalcolithic/eneolithic and the early Bronze age periods along the pipeline route in Georgia. One of these, Nachivchavebi, located in the tetritskaro District and believed to date from approximately 3,700 to 3,200 BC, contained artifacts from both the early agricultural and Kura-Araxes cultures. The excavations revealed storage pits and several burial sites. the artifacts, including ceramics and obsidian and bone tools, suggest that the population was mainly occupied with agriculture, stock-breeding, and small-scale handicrafts. The burial sites have contributed to understanding the evolution of burial practices in the Chalcolithic and early Bronze ages.

ethnobotanical remains suggest that crop cultivation, horticulture, and wine production were well-developed by that time and that barley, hazelnut, chestnut, millet, mushrooms, grapes, buckwheat, and common wheat were likely foodstuffs. Faunal materials from wild species (horses, boars, noble deer, and elk) and domestic animals (goats, cows, oxen, and sheep) point to a combination of animal husbandry and hunting.

eneoliTi (Zv.w. 5500 – 3000ww.)

adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebi

saqarTveloSi Zv.w. VI aTaswleulSi

warmoiqmna da ganviTarda. Zv.w. IV

aTaswleulis meore naxevridan ki maT

mtkvar-araqsis kultura Caenacvla, romlis

gavrcelebis areali aRmosavleT kavkasias,

Crdilo iransa da anatolias moicavda.

milsadenebis gaswvriv saqarTveloSi

Catarebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma

ramdenime eneoliTuri da adrebrinjaos

xanis Zeglic moicva. TeTriwyaros raionSi

mdebare Zegli naWivWavebi, romelic Zv.w.

3700 - 3200 wlebiT TariRdeba, Seicavs,

rogorc adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebis,

ise - mtkvar-araqsuli kulturis

fenebs. gaTxrebma aq sameurneo ormoebi

da samarxebi gamoavlina. mikvleul

arqeologiur masalaze dayrdnobiT

gairkva, rom aqauri mosaxleoba misdevda

miwaTmoqmedebasa da mesaqonleobas,

ganviTarebuli iyo xelosnobac.

samarxebidan mopovebuli masala

garkveul warmodgenas qmnis eneoliTuri

da adrebrinjaos xanis dakrZalvis

ritualebis msgavseba-gansxvavebaze.

eTnobotanikuri monacemebis mixedviT

irkveva, rom am droisaTvis kargad iyo

ganviTarebuli memindvreoba, mebaReoba da

meRvineoba. sakvebad gamoiyeneboda qeri,

Txili, wabli, fetvi, soko, yurZeni, xorbali.

mesaqonleobis ganviTarebaze migvaniSnebs

Sinauri cxovelebis _ Txis, Zroxis, xaris,

cxvris naSTebi. ganviTarebuli iyo

nadirobac.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor78

The Tiselis Seri settlement and cemetery in the Borjomi District provide valuable data about the next stage of development of the Kura-Araxes culture. the site contains a village and a cemetery from the second quarter of the 3rd millennium BC. the most important artifacts from the excavations here are pottery. The vessels are handmade, not wheel-thrown, and the larger ones are decorated with relief spirals or other curvilinear motifs. The site also yielded fibers of wool and flax, and the presence of multi-colored threads indicates that weaving was practiced. there is evidence of connections to northeastern anatolia during the time the site was active.

Early Bronze Age (ca. 3000 – 2000 BC) early Bronze age societies seemed to have been relatively stable socially and economically. In the middle of the 3rd millennium BC the Culture of Early Bronze Age Kurgans developed in the eastern Caucasus. It co-existed with the later stage of the Kura-Araxes culture in the Southern Caucasus and was situated between between the Kura (Mtkvari) and Araxes rivers. Both cemeteries and settlements have been uncovered in this area. typically, houses were single story, mud and stone brick that were reinforced with wood frames. the primary new element of this culture was a distinctive burial ritual: the deceased were buried in kurgans, graves defined by stone or soil mounds; in some cases, the kurgans exceeded 100 meters in diameter and 8-10 meters in height. The Culture of Early Kurgans persisted through the end of the 3rd millennium BC. The Kura-araxes culture also characterized with special ceramic decorative traits and the bronze smelting technology in the mid-fourth millennium BC.

Tiselis seris nasaxlari da samarovani,

romelic borjomis raionSi mdebareobs

da milsadenebis teritoriaze gaiTxara,

mtkvar-araqsuli kulturis ganviTarebis

Semdgomi etapia da Zv.w. III aTaswleulis

meore meoTxediT TariRdeba.

mniSvnelovania aq aRmoCenili keramikuri

nawarmi, romelic xeliTaa damzadebuli.

mozrdili WurWlebi Semkulia

reliefuri da amokawruli ornamentiT.

aq mopovebuli selisa da Salis feradi

boWkoebis arseboba safeiqro ostatobaze

miuTiTebs. Zeglze aRmoCenili masalis

nawili Crdilo-aRmosavleT anatoliis

arqeologiur masalasTan avlens kavSirs.

adre brinjaos xana (Zv.w. 3000 – 2000ww.)

adrebrinjaos xanis sazogadoeba

stabilurobiTa da socialuri

cvlilebebis neli tempiT xasiaTdeba.

Zv.w. III aTasweulis SuaxanebSi

samxreT kavkasiaSi warmoiSva

adrebrinjaos yorRanebis kultura,

romelic Tavdapirvelad mtkvar-

araqsis kulturasTan Tanaarsebobda.

Mmtkvar-araqsul kulturas axasiaTebda

erTsarTuliani, marTkuTxa formis,

aliziTa da qviT nagebi Senobebi, romlebic

xiT iyo gamagrebuli. es kultura

gamoirCeva ornamentirebuli keramikiTa

da brinjaos damuSavebiTac. adrebrinjaos

yorRanebis kulturis mTavari niSani

dakrZalvis rituali iyo. micvalebulebs

krZalavdnen yorRanebSi _ samarxebSi,

romlebic maRali qva-miwayriliT iyo

daculi. zogjer yorRanebis simaRle 8-10

metrsac ki aWarbebda, diametri ki - 100

metrs. adreuli yorRanebis kultura Zv.w.

III aTaswleulis bolomde arsebobda.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 79

Without doing harm to the artifacts found along thepipeline, archeologists used white caulk to recreatebroken pots. All restorations must be reversibleso that the artifacts can be returned to the originalstate in which they were found should further studybe required. This pot from Tkemlara demonstratesthe technique.

arqeologebi gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili Tixis WurWlis aRsadgenad TabaSirs xmaroben, riTac WurWlis naklul nawilebs aRadgenen da mas Tavdapirvel saxes ubruneben. es WurWeli tyemlaridan swored asea aRdgenili.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor80

two kurgans, both dated to the mid-3rd millennium BC, were excavated in different parts of Georgia—Tori and Kvemo Kartli—during the pipelines project. The Tori site, known as the Kodiani Kurgan, is located on a ridge dividing two drainages of the Kodiana Mountain in the Borjomi district. A rock-filled mound measuring 14 meters in diameter with a pit (burial chamber) defines the kurgan at this site. Fragments of the burned human remains of a woman of about 50 in the burial chamber suggest that the deceased was cremated. the items buried with her included pots with black polished surfaces, one of which was decorated with incised and grooved ornaments. Generating the most interest, however, was evidence of apiculture (honey making) in the burial’s ceramic vessels. previously, the earliest archaeological evidence of apiculture was found in asia Minor and egypt, but the tori site now appears to represent one of the earliest honeymaking locations.

The Tremlara Kurgan was found at the Kvemo Kartli site in the Tetritskaro district. It lies on the slope of the Bedeni Mountain and is characterized by a circular, rock- and soil-filled mounds 23m in diameter that encompassed two human graves (both 3rd millennium BC). The first grave, which did not have human remains inside of it, occupies a main central chamber cut in the bedrock and filled with stones, and contained a polished stone axe, bronze dagger, several small pots, and carbonized fragments of four wooden chariot wheels. the second grave is cut into the northwest side of the main chamber, and contained the remains of a woman. Both graves date to the mid-3rd millennium BC.

saqarTvelos or mxareSi - Torsa

(borjomis raionSi) da qvemo qarTlSi

(TeTriwyaros raionSi) milsadenis

mSeneblobisas gaiTxara Zv.w. III

aTaswleulis Suaxanebis ori yorRani.

kodianis yorRani mdebareobs borjomis

raionSi, kodianis mTaze. samarxi

dafaruli iyo 14 metris diametris

qvayriliT. dasakrZalavi kamera miwaSi iyo

amoRebuli. samarxSi 50-iode wlis qalis

kremirebuli naSTebi iyo SemorCenili.

samarxSi Catanebuli iyo Tixis ramdenime

Savpriala WurWeli, romelTagan

erTi ornamentirebuli iyo. uaRresad

saintereso aRmoCnda erTi WurWlis

SigTavsi, romlis analizis Sedegad

dadginda, rom qoTanSi Tafli inaxeboda.

am aRmoCenamde iTvleboda, rom

mefutkreoba mcire aziasa da

egvipteSi gaCnda, Tumca, Toris masala

qronologiurad oriveze adreulia.

tyemlaras yorRani (Zv.w. III aTaswleulis

Sua xanebi) mdebareobs qvemo qarTlSi,

TeTriwyaros raionSi, bedenis mTis

samxreT-dasavleT ferdobze. yorRani

qva-miwayriliani, wriuli formisa iyo

(diametri 23 m.). masSi ori samarxi

dafiqsirda. ZiriTadi samarxi yorRanis

centrSi, TixnarSi, iyo amoWrili, meore

samarxi ki misgan Crdilo-dasavleTiT

aRmoCnda gamarTuli. orive samarxis

iatakze aRmoCenilia danaxSirebuli

etlis RerZisa da borblis fragmentebi,

naprialebi qvis culi da brinjaos

satevari, agreTve Tixis Savpriala

WurWeli.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 81

Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000 – 1600 BC) the Middle Bronze age corresponds to trialeti Culture (2000-1500 BC) in Georgia. the culture is named for the trialeti plateau, the area of southcentral Georgia traversed by the pipeline. the culture is best known for large and elaborate tombs and kurgans and cobbled access roads. these kurgans are famous for their brilliant grave goods that contain ceramic and bronze objects, which include fine jewelry.

although these elaborate burial rituals suggest a complex social structure, almost nothing is known about the domestic life of trialeti people because to date very few examples of Trialeti settlements have been found.

During the pipeline construction, a settlement from the Middle Bronze age was excavated in the historical province of Georgia trialeti, tsalka District, on the plain north of Jinisi village, on the left bank of Gumbatistskali River. The Jinisi settlement consisted of two construction layers. Some of the earliest artifacts also came from the Mousterian or Middle paleolithic.

the most important discoveries, however, were the houses and artifacts from the Middle Bronze age. Four houses dating back to the end of the Middle Bronze age featured a semi-dugout design. Stone walls were built in single-row bond masonry, and the floors were leveled with clay. Stone bases that fixed the wooden columns were situated in front of the walls and at the center of the interior. the columns supported flat roofs, and each house contained an oven and a hearth. the construction technique was similar to that used in the burial chambers of kurgans of the trialeti Culture. the pottery discovered on the floors of the houses was black-burnished and ornamented with imprinted triangles, again typical of the pottery found in kurgans of the trialeti Culture.

Sua brinjaos xana (Zv.w. 2000 – 1600ww.)

saqarTveloSi Suabrinjaos xana

“TrialeTur kulturas” ukavSirdeba. es

saxeli am kulturas qveynis samxreTiT

mdebare TrialeTis zeganis gamo

daerqva. am zegans milsadeni did zolze

kveTs. TrialeTis kultura yvelaze

metad didi da sagangebod gamarTuli

samarxebiT _ yorRanebiT, aseve maTken

mimavali mokirwyluli saritualo

gzebiT, ornamentirebuli keramikiTa da

brwyinvale saiuveliro nakeTobebiTaa

cnobili.

dakrZalvis rTuli ritualebisaTvis

Sesabamisi mdidari socialuri

struqturis miuxedavad, TrialeTis

mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebis Sesaxeb

TiTqmis araferia cnobili, radgan am

kulturisadmi mikuTvnili mxolod

ramdenime namosaxlaria cnobili.

milsadenebis mSeneblobisas saqarTvelos

istoriul mxareSi, TrialeTSi (walkis

raioni), sof. jinisis maxloblad gaiTxara

Sua brinjaos xanis namosaxlari. aq

zedapirulad akrefilia Sua paleoliTis,

mustieuri qvis iaraRi, romelic

Tavdapirveli adgilidan daZruli unda

iyos.

umniSvnelovanesia Sua brinjaos

xanis fenaSi mikvleuli nivTebi. aq

Seswavlili oTxi saxli TixnarSi

CaWrili naxevradmiwuri nagebobaa, romlis

kedlebi riyis qviTaa nagebi, iataki TixiT

iyo motkepnili. saxlebis gadaxurva

banuria; brtyeli saxuravi dabjenili

iyo qvis baliSebze dadgmul xis boZebze.

saxlebSi gamarTuli iyo kera da Rumeli.

saxlebis konstruqcia garkveulwilad

TrialeTuri kulturis yorRanebSi

gamoyenebul samSeneblo teqnikas emTxveva.

nagebobebSi aRmoCenili keramikis nawili

Savprialaa da Semkulia StampiT datanili

samkuTxa ornamentiT, rac TrialeTis

kulturisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

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Jinisi is the first settlement where this type of pottery has been uncovered. Other artifacts found at the site—a variety of querns, mortars, chopping tools—along with the results of pollen studies indicate the advanced development of agricultural crop production in the 18th-17th centuries BC, with wheat and rye the major crops. Bones of wild animals discovered on the floors of the houses demonstrate the importance of hunting and well-developed experience with farm animals, including horse breeding.

Late Bronze-Early Iron Age (ca. 1600 – 600 BC) the Late Bronze age in Georgia saw the start of the historical distinction between eastern and western Georgia. assyrian and then Urartian written sources contain the first references to proto-Georgian tribes and states. the proto-Georgian state of Diauehi (Diauhi or Diaokhi) was formed in the 12th century BC at the sources of the Chorokhi and Euphrates Rivers. It is first identified with the state of Daiaeni and with an inscription dating from Assyrian King Tiglath-Pileser I’s third year (1118 BC). After centuries of battling for independence from the Assyrians, in the first half of the 8th century BC Urartu annexed a large part of Diauehi. extremely weakened by these wars, in the mid 8th century BC Diauehi was finally destroyed by another proto-Georgian kingdom, Kulkha (Colchis in Greek sources). Colchis was formed in the 13th century BC on the eastern shore of the Black Sea. according to Greek mythology, it was a wealthy kingdom situated in the mysterious periphery of the heroic world. here, in the sacred grove of the war god Ares, King Aeetes hung the Golden Fleece until Jason and the argonauts seized it. Colchis was also the land where Zeus punished the mythological prometheus for revealing the secret of fire to humanity by chaining him to a mountain. Colchis disintegrated after the invasion of Cimmerians and Scythians in the last quarter of the 8th century BC.

jinisi dReisaTvis erTaderTi

namosaxlaria, sadac amgvari keramikaa

aRmoCenili. Zeglze mikvleuli sxva

nivTebi da palinologiuri masala Zv.w.

XVIII - XVII saukuneebSi miwaTmoqmedebis

ganviTarebaze mianiSnebs.Aaqaurebs

qeri da xorbali mohyavdaT. nadirobis

mniSvnelobasa da mecxoveleobis

ganviTarebas xazs usvams saxlebSi

aRmoCenili cxovelTa Zvlebi, maT Soris

cxenis naSTebi, romelTa arsebobac

Sinauri cxovelebis moSenebaze

migviTiTebs.

gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xana (Zv.w. 1600 – 600ww.)

gviani brinjaos xana erTiani qarTveluri

enis aRmosavlur da dasavleT qarTul

enebad gamijvnis sawyis periods

emTxveva. protoqarTveluri tomebisa da

saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb

uZvelesi cnobebi asurulsa da urartul

wyaroebSi moipoveba. erT-erTi maTgani

iyoDdiaoxi, romlis Camoyalibeba Zv.w. XII

saukunisaTvisaa navaraudevi. igi pirvelad

ixseniebaAasureTis mefe tiglaTfileser

I-is warweraSi (Zv.w. 1118ww). Zv.w. VIII

saukuneSi urartum ramdenjerme ilaSqra

diaoxSi da misi nawilis dapyrobac

moaxerxa. amave saukunis Sua xanebSi

omebisagan dasustebuli diaoxi mezobelma,

aseve protoqarTvelurma saxelmwifom,

kulxam (kolxeTma) daimorCila. kolxeTis

samefo Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze

Zv.w. XIII saukuneSi warmoiSva. berZnuli

miTebis mixedviT, es mdidari qveyana

gmiruli samyaros ganapiras mdebareobda.

kolxeTis mefe aieti aresis WalaSi

oqros sawmiss inaxavda, romelic Semdeg

argonavtebma gaitaces. miTi promeTes

Sesaxeb gviambobs, rom man xalxs cecxlis

saidumlo gaacno, zevsma ki igi dasaja

da kolxeTis mTebSi kldes miajaWva. Zv.w.

VIII saukuneSi kolxeTSi kimirielebi da

skviTebi SeiWrnen, ramac qveynis dacema

gamoiwvia.

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These necklaces are made of carnelian andglass paste beads. The white and green ones,called domino-like beads, are characteristic of the7th-6th century BC. All were found at the Eli BabaCemetery near Tsalka, Georgia on the necks orhands of human remains. Because the graves hadpreviously been looted, the individual beads hadbeen displaced, so it was impossible to identifywhich objects were parts of necklaces and whichof bracelets.

es yelsabamebi sardionisa da miniseburi pastisagan Sedgeba. TeTri da mwvane mZivebi cnobilia, rogorc dominoseburi mZivebi da Zv.w. VII–VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba. yvela aRmoCenilia saqarTveloSi, walkis raionSi, eli babas samarovanze, micvalebulebis yelisa da mkerdis areSi.

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kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 85

A number of bronze pendants similar to the circularornament on the right were found in graves ofthe Eli Baba Cemetery near Tsalka, Georgia. Theunidentified bronze object on the left, which wasfound in a location adjacent to the pendant, mayhave also been worn as a decorative item. Severalother bronze artifacts such as pins and braceletswere discovered at this site.

eli babas samarovanze (saqarTvelo, walkis raioni) sxvadasxva formis brinjaos samkaulia aRmoCenili (sakinZebi, sakidebi, samajurebi da sxva). marjvniv gverdebamoWrili wriuli formis sakidia, marcxena fotoze aseve sakidia gamosaxuli. orive nivTi erT samarxSia mopovebuli.

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Excavations of the Late Bronze Age graves in theEli Baba Cemetery generally yielded few burialartifacts, perhaps because of looting.

eli babas samarovnis gaTxrebisas arc Tu ise bevri arqeologiuri masala gamoavlina, ragan samarovani gaZarcvuli iyo.

Several of the circular stone graves in the Eli BabaCemetery were marked by a menhir (vertical stone).An unfortunate consequence of the use of menhirswas to signal the presence of the necropolis forlater grave looters.

eli babas samarovnis zogierTi samarxze vertikalurad aRmarTuli qva -menhiri idga. mogvianebiT mZarcvelebi samarovnebs am niSnis mixedviT agnebdnen.

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This necklace of bone and ivory was one of severalfound at the Eli Baba site.

mZivebis es asxma eli babas samarovnis mcireodeni masalis erTi nawilia.

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gvianbrinjao – adrerkinis xanis

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

werilobiTi wyaroebi ar arsebobs, Tumca,

am periodis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani

informacia arqeologiuri Zeglebis

Seswavlam mogvca. erT-erTi aseTi Zeglia

milsadenebis mSeneblobisas gaTxrili

safar-xarabas samarovani, romelic mesame

TavSi iqneba ganxiluli.

adreantikuri xana (Zv.w. 600 – 300ww.)

Zv.w. VI saukunis SuaxanSi kolxeTis

samxreTiT mosaxle tomebi aqemeniduri

iranis XIX satrapiaSi Sevidnen. kolxeTis

ganviTarebulma ekonomikam, xelsayrelma

geografiulma mdebareobam da klimatma

Savi zRvis kolxeTis sanapiroze

berZnul kolonizacias Seuwyo xeli.

Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebSi berZnebma TavianTi

axalSenebi fazisSi, gienosSi, pitiuntsa

da dioskuriaSi daaarses. am drois

kolxeTi unda yofiliyo ekonomikurad

da kulturulad dawinaurebuli qveyana,

romelsac saxelmwifoebriobis ZiriTadi

niSnebi _ teritoriul-administraciuli

dayofa, centralizebuli mmarTveloba

(aetidebis samefo dinastia), intensiuri

saqalaqo cxovreba da sagadasaxado sistema

hqonda. saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi nawili

- qarTli nawilobriv emorCileboda

aqemenidur imperias.Aaq mimdinareobda

saxelmwifos warmoSobis rTuli procesi,

romelic IV saukunis dasasruls qarTlis

samefos CamoyalibebiT dasrulda.

There are no written sources about the territory of eastern Georgia in the Late Bronze-early Iron age. however, several rich archaeological sites provide information about the cultural and political situation. One of the most interesting sites of the Late Bronze Age, the Saphar-Kharaba cemetery (discussed more extensively in Chapter 3), was excavated as a result of the pipeline construction.

Early Classical (Early Antique) Period (ca. 600 – 300 BC)

toward the mid-6th century BC, the tribes living in southern Colchis were incorporated into the 19th Satrapy of persia. the advanced economy and favorable geographic and natural conditions of the area attracted Greeks, who colonized the Colchian coast, establishing trading posts at phasis, Guuenos, Dioscurias, and pitius during the 6th-5th centuries BC. according to archaeological discoveries, Colchis emerged as an economically and culturally advanced state during this period, with evidence of key elements of a strong civilization: civic structure (territorial-administrative divisions) and central state authority (the royal dynasty of the aeetids); intensive urban life; a complex taxation system; and cultural manifestations, including architecture. the eastern part of Georgia is believed to have been partially under the achaemenid empire. During this period various eastern Georgian tribes struggled for leadership, with the Kartlian tribes eventually prevailing. at the end of the 4th century BC the Kartli (Iberia) Kingdom, the first eastern Georgian state, was founded.

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This particular object, the head of a bull made ofclay mixed with straw, was found in one of thestructures of the Ktsia Valley settlement datingfrom the 6th-4th centuries BC. The bull is believedto have been a holy animal associated with fertilityand the moon. Depictions of the bull are found atsites of various periods.

alizisagan damzadebuli xaris Tavi qciis velis namosaxlaris erT-erT saxlSi aRmoCnda. xari wminda cxoveli iyo, romelic mTvaresa da nayofierebas ganasaxierebda. xaris gamosaxulebebi saqarTveloSi araerT Zeglze gvxvdeba.

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milsadenebis mSeneblobisas aRmoCnda

da gaiTxaraAadreantikuri xanis

mniSvnelovani Zegli - qciis velis

namosaxlari. Zegli mdebareobs borjomis

raionSi, sof. tabawyuris maxloblad,

zRvis donidan 2000 metris simaRleze. misi

qveda fena adrebrinjaos xanisaa, xolo

zeda Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebiT TariRdeba.

namosaxlarze aRmoCenili nagebobebis

umetesoba brtyeli qvebiTa da TixiT iyo

naSenebi da banuri gadaxurva hqonda. erT

saxlSi dadasturda alizis sakurTxeveli

da xaris Tavis (xari wminda cxoveli

iyo, romelic mTvaresa da nayofierebas

ganasaxierebda) qandakeba. Tixis WurWeli

sameTuneo morgvze iyo damzadebuli,

iSviaTia xeliT damzadebuli nimuSebi.

ornamenti reliefuri an amoRarulia.

wiTeli feris, naprialebi WurWlis erTi

fragmenti, rogorc Cans, importirebulia.

miwaTmoqmedeba, simaRlis gamo SedarebiT

SezRuduli iyo da aq klimatis Sesaferi

marcvleuli _ qeri da Svria mohyavdaT.

mecxoveleobas wamyvani roli hqonda.

namosaxlari ramdenjerme, savaraudod,

saomari moqmedebebisas gadamwvara.

elinisturi xana (Zv.w. IV saukunis bolo – Zv.w. I saukunis dasasruli)

elinisturi xana, zogierTi mosazrebiT, Zv.w.

336 wels aleqsandre makedonelis taxtze

asvlidan iwyeba da Zv.w. 31 wels, egviptis

dedofal kleopatra VII-is gardacvalebiT,

mTavrdeba. Zv.w IV-III saukuneebis

mijnaze qarTlis samefo mniSvnelovan

regionalur Zalad Camoyalibda da saTave

daudo erTian qarTul civilizacias.

One of the important early antique period sites excavated during the pipeline construction isKtsia Valley, located in the Borjomi District. The site, which sits on a bank of the Ktsia River at 2,000 meters above sea level, contains older layers dating from the Kura-Araxes culture, as well as the remains of a much larger settlement dating from the 6th-4th centuries BC.

Most of the structures at the site were built of flat stones fixed with clay, with evidence of structures that apparently supported flat roofs. An altar made of clay mixed with straw, and the head of a bull (an animal thought to have had ritual significance and associated with fertility and the moon) made of the same material, were also found. Generally, pottery was wheel-thrown; handmade items were rare. Ornaments were either engraved or embossed. One fragment of a polished red ceramic vessel seems to have been imported. agricultural activity was somewhat restricted, perhaps because of the elevation, although cattle-breeding was important. Barley and oats (species well-adapted to the local environment) were cultivated. During the final stages of the settlement’s existence, it was destroyed by fire several times, possibly as a result of conquests.

Hellenistic Period (ca. 300 BC – 0 AD)

the hellenistic period is usually said to extend from the accession of alexander the Great to the throne of Macedonia in 336 BC to the death of Cleopatra VII of Egypt in 30 BC. During the late 4th-early 3rd centuries BC, the eastern Georgian Kartli Kingdom emerged as a powerful force and created a single Georgian civilization. according to written sources from medieval Georgia,

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qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis Tanaxmad,

mcxeTeli aristokratiis warmomadgenelma

farnavazma brZolaSi daamarcxa Tavisi

metoqe azo da Tavi qarTlis mefed

gamoacxada. man Seqmna samxedro, fiskaluri

da administraciuli sistema. qveyana

daiyo saerisTaovebad, sadac samefo

xarki ikrifeboda. farnavazma aseve Seqmna

erTiani saxelmwifo religia, romlis

saTaveSi mefesTan gaigivebuli RvTaeba

– armazi idga. Zv.w. III saukuneSi qveyana

Zlierdeboda da sazRvrebs afarToebda.

Semdgomi ori saukune omianobis xana iyo.

Zv.w 66-65 wlebSi, pontosa (Tanamedrove

CrdiloeT TurqeTi) da armeniis mokavSire

romaelma sardalma pompeusma qarTlSi

gailaSqra. mefe artagma mas winaaRmdegoba

ver gauwia da igi iZulebuli gaxda

Tavi romis “mokavSired da megobrad”

gamoecxadebina.

saqarTveloSi elinisturi xanis araerTi

Zeglia gaTxrili. miuxedavad amisa, qvemo

qarTlSi kargad Semonaxuli namosaxlari

ar iyo Seswavlili. milsadenebis

teritoriis arqeologiuri Seswavlisas

TeTriwyaros raionSi gaiTxara am

periodis nasaxlari da samarovani - A

sxalTa. aq mikvleuli Senobebi qviTa

da aliziT iyo nagebi. dadginda, rom

mosaxleoba eweoda mebaReobasa da

mevenaxeobas, agreTve mohyavdaT xorbali

da seli.

samarovanze 60 samarxi (ormosamarxebi

da qvayuTebi) gaiTxara. samarxebis Tavze

Sewiruli cxvrebisa da Txebis Zvlebi

aRmoCnda.

parnavaz, the representative of the aristocracy in Mtskheta, the ancient capital of Georgia, defeated his rival Azo and declared himself King of Kartli. Parnavaz created a system of military, fiscal, and administrative units, subdividing the country into several counties, called saeristavos, which paid tributes to the king. parnavaz also established a single national cult around the supreme deity, Armazi, who personified the supreme ruler of the state. During the 3rd century BC, the Kartli (Iberia) Kingdom grew in power and expanded to the west. Incessant warfare characterized the following two centuries, with the kingdom forced to defend itself against numerous invasions. When the close association between armenia and pontus (currently located in north turkey) resulted in an invasion by Pompey in 66-65 BC, King Artag of Kartli was forced to become a subordinate ally of rome. Numerous important sites in Georgia dating from this time have been excavated, including cities, temples, and cemeteries. however, until the pipeline project, no settlements had been found in this location. the project conducted the excavation at Skhalta, which included both a settlement and a cemetery. The structures there were quadrangular, built of stone and possibly mud brick. the population mostly engaged in animal husbandry, along with gardening, viticulture, and cultivation of wheat and flax.

Sixty graves were excavated at Skhalta, including square stone tombs and pit burials. there were bones of sacrificial sheep and goats on the surface of the graves, and human remains inside them.

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This well-preserved wooden comb (on the right)from Skhalta, Georgia, is a rare find for a Hellenisticsite. Curly locks were the style of both womenand men, and combs were created to secure hairaccessories made of flowers, myrtle, and ivy, oftenin the shape of wreaths. The ear cleaner (left) isa rare example of one made from bone; most earcleaners found from the Hellenistic period weremade of bronze.

es patara, xis savarcxeli (marjvniv) sxalTidan (saqarTvelo) kargadaa Semonaxuli. aseTi nivTebi elinisturi xanis Zeglebze Zalze iSviaTad gvxvdeba. ilari (marcxniv) yuris gasawmendad gamoiyeneboda. igi Zvlisaganaa damzadebuli, rac didi iSviaTobaa. rogorc wesi, am nivTebs liTonisagan amzadebdnen.

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These three tools from Skhalta are made of iron.The battle axe (left) and the spear head (middle)were placed next to the face or arms of deceasedmale warriors. The rarely found adze (right) wasused to shape and trim wood and may havebelonged to a woodworker.

sxalTaSi aRmoCenili iaraRi rkinisaganaa damzadebuli. sabrZolo (marcxniv) culi da Subispiri (SuaSi) meomrebis samarxebSia aRmoCenili. rkinis eCo (marjvniv) xis dasamuSavebeli instrumentia da, savaraudod, durgals ekuTvnoda.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor94

Extraordinary artistic ability and craftsmanshipare evident in these fragments of a ceramic lampfound at a site in Klde, Georgia. It features a reliefof Pegasus, the winged horse supposedly sired byPoseidon.

Tixis Wraqis es natexebi saqarTveloSi, kldis namosaxlarzea aRmoCenili da xelosnis maRal ostatobaze migviTiTebs.Mmasze mfrinavi raSi - pegasia gamosaxuli.

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This silver coin is believed to have been issuedby the Parthian King Gotarzes I, who ruled theParthian Empire from 95-90 BC. The Empire at itsgreatest extent included portions of Georgia, as wellas most of what is today the Middle East.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebuli parTiis mefe gotarzes vercxlis draqmebi (aRmoCenilia kldis namosaxlarze) am qveynis did gavlenaze metyvelebs. parTiis imperia Sua aziisa da iranis teritorias moicavda da kavkasiazec avrcelebda Tavis gavlenas.

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This carnelian stone from a silver ring found atKlde, Georgia, depicts three standing figureswearing long chitons or mantles folded at thewaist with ribbons. The figure on the right mightbe Demeter, goddess of the seasons, while thecentral figure might be Nemesis, the spirit ofdivine retribution.

kldis namosaxlarze napovni vercxlis beWdis sardionis intalioze gamosaxulia fexze mdgomi, grZel qitonebSi gamowyobili sami figura.marjvena gamosaxuleba weliwadis droebis RvTaeba demetra unda iyos, centrSi ki - RvTaebrivi SurisZiebis suli nemezida.

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Kartli (Iberian) Kingdom to the Late Classical Period (ca. 0 – 400 AD) In the first century AD the Kartli (Iberia) Kingdom was under the cultural influence of Rome and the parthian empires, later replaced by the Sassanian empire in 226 aD. evidence of close political and cultural relationships between rome and Kartli are well represented on a noteworthy stone inscription discovered at Mtskheta, which notes that the Roman Emperor Vespasian supported Mithridates, “the friend of the Caesars” and king “of the roman-loving Iberians,” in reconstructing the fortification of Mtskheta in 75 AD. During this period, a trade road running from India to Greece crossed the territory of Kartli. Kartli controlled the most important passes of the Central Caucasus, which meant it protected the central asian domains of rome from the invasion of aggressive nomadic tribes from the northern Caucasus. Consequently, the Romans profited from a strengthening of Kartli. The importance of the Kartli Kingdom to Rome grew in the 2nd century. During the reign of the roman emperor antoninus pius in the 2nd quarter of the 2nd century aD, King Pharsman II of Kartli visited Rome, where a statue was erected in his honor.

qarTlis (iberiis) samefo gvianantikur xanaSi (I – IV saukuneebi)

axali welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneSi

qarTlis samefo romisa da parTiis

imperiebis kulturuli gavlenas

ganicdida. 226 wels parTiis nacvlad

Tanamedrove iranis teritoriaze

sasanuri irani Caenacvla. romisa da

qarTlis politikursa da kulturul

urTierTobaze metyvelebs mcxeTis

maxloblad aRmoCenili, 75 wliT

daTariRebuli, warwera, romlis mixedviT

irkveva, rom imperator vespasianes Tavisi

“megobrisaTvis”, qarTlis romaelTmoyvare

mefe miTridatesaTvis mcxeTis galavani

ganuaxlebia. am droisaTvis indoeTidan

saberZneTisaken mimavali gza qarTlis

teritorias kveTda. qarTls epyra

kavkasiis mniSvnelovani uReltexilebi

da Crdilo kavkasiis momTabare tomebis

moZraobis gakontroleba SeeZlo.

Sesabamisad, romi dainteresebuli iyo

qarTlTan kargi urTierTobebiT, rac misi

aziuri samflobeloebis CrdiloeTidan

dacvas niSnavda. meore saukuneSi qarTli

kidev ufro angariSgasawevi Zala gaxda.

II saukunis meore meoTxedSi qarTlis

mefe farsmani imperator antoninus piusis

miwveviT roms estumra, ris aRsaniSnavad

marsis velze misi qandakeba daidga.

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During the following two centuries, the new persian empire led by the Sassanid dynasty made control over the South Caucasus a main objective of its expansion. Kartli stood firmly with rome and opposed the persian empire. an impressive expression of its roman orientation was the declaration of Christianity as the state religion. During the 1st century aD, the apostle Saint andrew brought Christianity into Georgia, a small part of the population adopted it. Finally, in 326 AD, during the reign of King Mirian, a Cappadocian woman, Saint Nino converted Kartli to that religion. Many scholars argue that the Georgian alphabet was created in the 4th or 5th century aD to make religious scripture more accessible to Georgians. the oldest examples ofGeorgian writing are from two 5th century aD inscriptions, one found in a church in Bethlehem, and the second in the church of Bolnisi Sioni, currently in the southern part of Georgia. Although Georgian historical tradition attributed the invention of the Georgian alphabet to parnavaz I of Kartli in the 3rd century BC, there is no clear evidence of it prior to these inscriptions from the5th century aD. 6

Early Medieval Period (ca. 400 – 1000 AD)

Georgia’s medieval culture was greatly influenced by eastern Christianity and the Georgian Orthodox Apostolic Church, which promoted and often sponsored the creation of many works of religious devotion. During the 5th century aD, peter the Iberian (or peter of Iberia), a Georgian Orthodox saint and prominent figure in early Christianity, founded Bethlehem, the first Georgian monastery outside Georgia. During this period, Sassanian kings conquered the neighboring countries and appointed a viceroy in Kartli who promoted the teachings of Zoroaster. However, efforts to convert the common Georgian people were generally unsuccessful.

mesame saukunis ocian wlebSi

warmoSobilma axalma iranulma

saxelmwifom - sasanurma imperiam

Tavisi eqspansiis erT-erT samizned

kavkasia SearCia. Semdgomi ori saukunis

ganmavlobaSi qarTli ZiriTadad

romaul orientacias inarCunebda, ris

magaliTad 326 wels, mefe mirianis

zeobisas, qristianobis saxelmwifo

religiad gamocxadebac kmara.

qristianoba saqarTveloSi jer kidev

I saukuneSi Semovida, rodesac andria

pirvelwodebulma aqauri mosaxleobis

nawilis moqceva SeZlo. kapadokieli

qalwulis, wminda ninos qadagebas ki mirian

mefis gaqristianebac mohyva. mecnierebis

azriT, qarTuli anbani IV-V saukuneebSi

Seiqmna. misi uZvelesi nimuSebi cnobilia

V saukunis Zeglebidan – beTlemidan da

bolnisis sionidan. 6 miuxedavad imisa,

rom qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebi

qarTuli damwerlobis SemoRebas Zv.w. III

saukunis mefes, farnavaz I-s ukavSireben,

jer-jerobiT am mosazrebis dadastureba

ar xerxdeba da V saukuneze adreuli

damwerlobis nimuSi ar Cans.

adre Suasaukuneebi (V – IX saukuneebi)

Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaze

didi gavlena moaxdina qarTulma

marTlmadideblurma samociqulo

eklesiam, romlis wiaRSic warmoiSva

araerTi religiuri da saero naSromi.

V saukuneSi moRvawe wmindanis, petre

iberielis mier beTlemSi daaarsebuli

monasteri saqarTvelos gareT arsebuli

pirveli qarTuli monasteri iyo. am

droisaTvis iranis sasanianma Sahebma

mezobeli qveynebi daipyres da qarTlSi

TavianTi moxele gamoagzavnes, raTa mas aq

cecxlTayvanismcemloba gaevrcelebina.

miuxedavad maTi didi survilisa, es

mcdeloba warumatebeli aRmoCnda.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 99

Table showing ancient and modern Georgianalphabets.

cxrilSi warmodgenilia Zveli da axali qarTuli anbanebi.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor100

The Svetit*khoveli (“Living Pillar”) Cathedral inMtskheta, Georgia, was built in the 11th century ADon the site of an earlier church. Legend holds thatJesus’s robe was buried at this site.

sveticxovelis sakaTedro taZari mcxeTaSi XI saukuneSi aigo adreuli taZris adgilze. aq macxovris kvarTia dakrZaluli.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 101

In the second half of the 5th century AD, King Vakhtang Gorgasali successfully unified the people of the transcaucasus against the Sassanid dynasty. he is associated with the founding of tbilisi. In the early 6th century AD, Vakhtang Gorgasali was killed in the struggle against the persians; by the end of the century Sassanian kings abolished the monarchy in Kartli, making it a Persian province. From the beginning of the 7th century AD, Byzantium predominated in western and eastern Georgia, until the arabs invaded the Caucasus. Arab invaders reached Kartli in the mid-7th century aD and forced its prince to recognize the Caliph as his suzerain. at the beginning of the 9th century AD, Prince Ashot Bagrationi, the first of a new, local Bagrationi Dynasty, established himself as hereditary prince of Iberia. 7

throughout the early Medieval period, Georgian Christian literature and architecture, mainly religious, flourished. Commendable examples of the cultural life of Georgia in this period are the holy Cross Church in Mtskheta (6th century aD), the monastic complex of Davit Gareji, and the oldest surviving work of Georgian literature, “the passion of Saint Shushanik” by Jakob Tsurtaveli, written between 476 and 483. In the 9th century aD, a prominent Georgian ecclesiastic, St. Grigol Khanzteli (Gregory of Khandzta) founded numerous monastic communities in Tao-Klarjeti in southwest Georgia. these monasteries and their scriptoria functioned as centers of knowledge for centuries and played an important role in the formation of the Georgian state.

V saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTlis mefe

vaxtang gorgasali, romelsac Tbilisis

daaarseba miewereba, saTaveSi Caudga

transkavkasiur antiiranul ajanyebas,

romelmac sruliad qarTli da somxeTi

moicva. VI saukunis dasawyisSi vaxtang

gorgasali iranelebis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi daiRupa. amave saukuneSi

sasanianebma qarTlis samefos gauqmeba

moaxerxes, igi sparseTis provinciad aqcies

da aq marzpani daniSnes. VII saukunis

ocian wlebSi bizantiam saqarTvelos

dasavleTsa da aRmosavleT mxareebSi

nawilobrivi kontrolis daweseba

SeZlo, magram amave saukunis Sua xanSi

kavkasiaSi arabebi SemoiWrnen da qarTlis

erismTavari aiZules maTi qveSevrdomi

gamxdariyo. IX saukunis dasawyisSi aSot

bagrationma samxreT saqarTveloSi

damoukidebeli samTavro daaarsa da

bagrationTa samefo dinastias daudo

safuZveli. 7

adre Sua saukuneebi qarTuli qristianuli

literaturisa da xuroTmoZRvrebis

arnaxuli ayvavebis peiodia. am kulturuli

cxovrebis magaliTia sayovelTaod

cnobili jvris taZari da daviT garejis

monasteri. amave periods miekuTvneba

qarTuli mwerlobis uZvelesi, Cvenamde

moRweuli nawarmoebi, iakob curtavelis

“SuSanikis wameba”, romelic 476-483 wlebs

Soris daiwera. IX saukuneSi moRvaweobda

didi qarTveli sasuliero moRvawe

wminda grigol xanZTeli, romelmac

saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi

- tao-klarjeTSi (amJamad TurqeTis

nawili) araerTi monasteri daaarsa.

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSiAam monastrebSi

iqmneboda mniSvnelovani sasuliero

da saero literatura. am monastrebs

saganmanaTleblo funqciac hqondaT.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor102

Excavations for the SCP project produced thisinscribed cross from the Atskuri winery.Archaeologists believe the inscription standsfor Tsminda and Giorgi (Saint George).

awyuris marnebis gaTxrebisas aRmoCenil am jvarze amokveTilia warwera - “wminda giorgi”.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 103

Georgia from 1000 to 1300 AD

In the late 10th and early 11th centuries AD, King Bagrat III brought the various principalities of Georgia together to form a united Georgian state. In 1121, near Didgori, King David IV defeated the coalition of Seljuk Turk troops. King David, often referred to as David the Builder, spared no effort to strengthen the country. he reformed the army, regenerated the economy, altered the activities of the church, and strengthened the governmental system. When he died in 1125, he left Georgia as a strong regional power.

saqarTvelo X – XIII saukuneebSi

X saukunis dasasrulsa da XI saukunis

dasawyisSi mefe bagrat mesamem

saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebi

gaaerTiana. 1121 wels, mefe daviT meoTxem,

romelic aRmaSeneblis saxeliTaa

cnobili, didgoris maxloblad seljukTa

koaliciuri armia gaanadgura. man

samxedro da administraciuli reforma

Caatara, eklesiis roli CarCoebSi moaqcia,

gaajansaRa ekonomika da ganamtkica

saxelmwifiebrioba. gardacvalebis (1125)

Semdeg ki man STamomavlobas Zlieri

saqarTvelo dautova.

A partially reconstructed jar or cup recovered from asite near the Chivchavi Gorge in southern Georgia.

nawilobriv aRdgenili Tixis WurWeli WivWavis xeobidan.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor104

the most glorious sovereign of Georgia was Queen tamar (1184-1213), and in Georgia the period from the 12th-13th centuries aD is known as “the Golden age.” the country’s military-political strength relied on a diverse economy. the main centers of trade and handicraft were cities, including tbilisi, where approximately 100,000 people lived at the beginning of the 13th century. Centers of education, including the celebrated Gelati and Ikalto monasteries, created academies that taught philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, rhetoric, and music. a collection of Georgian historical essays entitled Kartlis Tskhovreba, created in the 12th century, chronicles the lives of authors from the 8th-12th centuries aD and became the authoritative description of the history of Georgia until the time when new essays were added to the original volume. One masterpiece of Georgian medieval literature is the romantic epic by Shota Rustaveli called “Knight in the Panther’s Skin.” Completed at the end of the 12th century, rustaveli’s poem is imbued with humanistic thoughts and feelings.

Georgia from the 1300 to 1800 AD Following the invasion of Mongols in the middle of the 13th century aD, the Georgian Kingdom began to disintegrate, coming under the domination of the Mongols by 1240. although King Giorgi V reunified the kingdom in the 14th century, his success was short-lived. During the subsequent century, the country suffered economic and political decline. In the end of the 14th century and in the beginning of the 15th centuries with ruthless violence, the tatars of tamerlane invaded Georgia eight times. In the 1460s the kingdom fractured into several states: the Kingdom of Kartli, the Kingdom of Imereti, Kingdom of Kakheti and the Principality of Samtskhe. In the 16th century Georgia became a battleground between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires. Prey to a succession of invaders at the turn of the

saqarTvelos erT-erT saxelovan da

gamorCeul mefed Tamar mefe (1184-

1213 ww.) iTvleba. XII-XIII saukuneebi ki

saqarTvelos istoriaSi oqros xanadaa

cnobili. qveynis samxedro-politikuri

Zliereba ganviTarebul ekonomikas

eyrdnoboda, hyvaoda vaWrobisa xelosnobis

centrebi – qalaqebi, maT Soris Tbilisic,

sadac XIII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis

100000 adamianze meti cxovrobda.

saganmanaTleblo centrebSi - iyalTosa

da gelaTis monastrebis saxelganTqmul

akademiebSi religiis garda iswavleboda

filosofia, astronomia, maTematika,

ritorika da musika. XII saukuneSi Seiqmna

qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis krebuli

“qarTlis cxovreba”, romelic momdevno

xanebSi axal-axali naSromebiT ivseboda.

humanisturi idebiT gamsWvaluli, qarTuli

literaturis Sedevri, SoTa rusTavelis

poema “vefxistyaosani”, swored XII

saukunis dasasrulsaa Seqmnili.

saqarTvelo XIV – XVVII saukuneebSi

XIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi

monRolebi SemoiWrnen da qveyana

daimorCiles. monRolTa batonobas qveynis

dayofac mohyva. XIV saukuneSi giorgi

brwyinvalem misi xelaxla gaerTianeba

da gaZliereba moaxerxa, magram misi

warmateba xanmokle aRmoCnda; qveyana

politikuradac da ekonomikuradac

dasustebuli iyo. XIV saukunis bolosa

da XV saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi

rvajer ilaSqra Temur lengma, romelmac

sastikad aaoxra qveyana. XV saukunis

60-ian wlebSi saqarTvelo sam samefod

(qarTli, kaxeTi da imereTi) da erT

samTavrod (samcxe) daiSala, rasac XVI

saukuneSi osmaleTisa da iranis imperiebs

Soris saqarTvelosaTvis brZola mohyva.

XVII saukuneSi osmalebTan da iranTan

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 105

17th century, the population of Tbilisi fell to no more than 10,000 people. By the 17th century, both eastern and western Georgia had sunk into poverty as the result of the constant warfare, which mainly involved battles for supremacy between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires. Georgian culture likewise suffered in the 15th-17th centuries. Nevertheless, there were distinguished examples of wall paintings, miniatures, embroidery, literature, and scientific discovery. It was against this backdrop that Georgian kings sought an ally in russia, which annexed the Georgian states in the 19th century.

Wine production and consumption have held an important place in Georgian culture and history for centuries. Written sources and archaeological material confirm that viticulture was an integral part of life during the Classical period, at which time the god of the vine, Dionysus, was a popular focus of worship. the myth of Dionysus relates that he travelled to strange lands where he taught men the culture of wine. the excavations uncovered jars dating to the 6th millennium BC at Shulaveri in southeastern Georgia, with a residue of wine still present on their inner surfaces. these jars provide some of the earliest evidence of the consumption of wine in ancient societies. Grape pips dating from the 7th-5th millennia BC found at the same site also suggest the very early cultivation of vineyards in ancient Georgia.

the tradition of viniculture continued even during the continuing clashes of armies during this period in Georgia. Wineries were some of the most interesting archaeological sites of the Medieval period to be excavated along the pipeline route in Georgia. In the vicinity of the village of atskuri in Samtskhe, where viticulture historically has been a major activity, archaeologists excavated seven wine cellars dating from the 10th-16th centuries aD. their construction and elements are similar to those found today in Georgian villages.

gauTavebeli omianobis gamo qarTuli

samefo-samTavroebi gaRaribda, Tbilisis

mosaxleoba ki 10000 adamianamde Semcirda.

qarTulma kulturam Zveli simaRleebi

ver SeinarCuna, magram, miuxedavad didi

gaWirvebisa, mainc iqmneboda gamorCeuli

freskebi da miniaturebi, iwereboda

mniSvnelovani mxatvruli da samecnierebo

naSromebi. qarTveli mefeebi mZime

mdgomareobidan gamosavals erTmorwmune

ruseTTan kavSirSi xedavdnen, magram

XIX saukuneSi am qveyanam qarTuli

saxelmwifoebi daipyro da gaauqma maTi

damoukidebloba.

Rvinis warmoeba da moxmareba

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli

kulturis mniSvnelovani komponenti iyo.

arqologiuri masalisa da werilobiTi

wyaroebis mixedviT, aq meRvineoba uZvelesi

droidan iyo ganviTarebuli. samxreT

saqarTveloSi, Sulaveris namosaxlarze,

aRmoCenili qvevrebi da yurZnis wipwebi

Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebiT TariRdeba, rac

aq kulturuli jiSis - vazis moyvanaze

migviTiTebs.Aantikuri xanis saqarTveloSi

ki erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli Rvinis

RvTaeba - dionises kulti iyo.

meRvineobis tradiciebi xangrZlivi

saomari moqmedebebis drosac ar wydeboda.

milsadenebis teritoriaze warmoebuli

arqeologiuri gaTxrebidan sayuradReboa

samcxeSi, sof. awyurTan gamovlenili Sua

saukuneebis marnebi. samcxeSi mevenaxeoba

kargad iyo ganviTarebuli. aq aRmoCnda

X-XVI saukuneebis marnebi, romelTa msgavs

nagebobebs qarTul soflebSi dResac ki

SexvdebiT.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor106

turkey

Late Bronze Age to Iron Age (ca. 1500 – 400 BC)

Anatolia was known as the “Land of the Hatti” by the akkadians as early as the third millennium BC, after the Bronze Age people who dominated the region. The Hittites, an Indo-European-speaking people, replace the Hattis as rulers of Anatolia early in the second millennium BC. The Hittites adopted cuneiform writing from assyrian traders and assumed control of the trading colonies spread throughout anatolia. at its height, the Hittite Kingdom extended to Syria and Upper Mesopotamia, with its capital at Hattusa.

By the second half of the 13th century BC, the Hittite Kingdom was in decline and being pressured economically and politically by its neighbors. It fought the egyptians in the Levant under ramses II, saw the assyrians defeat its vassal state of Mittani in northern Syria, and faced incursions by the Sea peoples (a confederacy of seafaring raiders). In 1180 BC the Kingdom collapsed and devolved into a number of neo-Hittite city states, including Tabal in southeast Anatolia and the Mushki Kingdom in Cappadocia (both now part of turkey), Carchemish (on the frontier between turkey and Syria), and Kammanu (in south-central Anatolia). The end of the Hittite Kingdom caused established political, military, economic, and social relations to change throughout eastern anatolia, leading to the political and economic instability of the early Iron age.

An Early Iron Age Settlement at Büyükardıç Hill presented difficult conditions for settlers. agriculture in this mountainous area was difficult due to the high altitude (2,050m), and long distance from the creek valley below. Yet within this context of a hilltop overlooking a key transportation corridor in northeastern anatolia, a successful settlement appears to have flourished. This intriguing settlement yields insights into what was happening in this period of political unrest.

TurqeTi

gvianbrinjaodan rkinis xanamde A (Zv.w. 1500 – 400ww.)

Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi anatolia regionSi

uZlieresi xalxis - aqadelebisaTvis,

xaTis qveyanad iyo cnobili. indoevropeli

xeTebi meore aTaswleulis dasawyisidan

Caenacvlnen xaTebs da TavianTi

Zalaufleba anatoliaze gaavrceles.

xeTebma lursmuli damwerloba asureli

vaWrebisgan gadaiRes da kontroli

daaweses anatoliis savaWro qalaqebze.

Zlierebis zenitSi myofi xeTebis

samefo siriasa da zeda mesopotamiamde

vrceldeboda, maTi dedaqalaqi ki xaTusa

iyo.

Zv.w. XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi

xeTebis samefo dasustda da mezoblebma

Seviwroeba dauwyes. levantSi igi ebrZoda

ramzes III-is egviptes, asureTma daamarcxa

Tavisi vasaluri qveyana miTani, mas

ganuwyvetlad Tavs esxmodnen e.w zRvis

xalxebi. Zv.w. 1180 wels xeTebis samefo

daiSala ramdenime neoxeTur qalaq-

saxelmwifod, Tabalebis (axlandeli

samxreT-aRmosavleTi TurqeTi), musxebis

(axlandeli kapadokia), qarxemiSisa

(TurqeTisa da siriis sazRvarze) da

qamanus samefoebad (samxreTi centraluri

antolia). xeTebis samefos dacemam

anatoliaSi arsebuli politikuri,

samxedro, ekonomikuri da socialuri

cvlilebebi gamoiwvia da adrerkinis

xanis ekonomikur arastabilurobas daudo

safuZveli.

buiuqardiCis mTaze, sadac adrerkinis

xanis dasaxleba aRmoCnda, sakmaod

mkacri pirobebi iyo. didi simaRlis

(zRvis donidan 2050 metri) gamo soflis

meurneoba aq ver ganviTarda. igi

mdebareobda mTis mwvervalze, romelic

Crdilo-aRmosavleTi anatoliis

mniSvnelovan satransporto arterias

gadmohyurebda, rasac dasaxlebis

This grooved clay vessel uncovered at theBüyükardıç site contained iron residue and thetwo holes in its shoulder. The vessel, an artifactcommonly found at Bronze and Iron Age sites ineastern Anatolia, was likely used for heating andcreating metal objects.

buiuqardiCSi aRmoCenili Tixis es WurWeli rkinis widas Seicavs. mis mxarze ori xvrelia datovebuli. rogorc Cans, igi liTonis nivTebis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneboda.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 107

These classical-era pieces are part of the collectionof the Istanbul Archaeology Museum.

ntikuri xanis WurWlis es natexebi stambulis muzeumis koleqciidanaa.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor108

These cave dwellings, built into “fairy chimneys”near Goreme in Cappadocia in central Turkey,appear to have been occupied in the Late BronzeAge, around the time of the Hittite Empire.

kldeSi nakveTi es sacxovrisebi, romlebic centralur TurqeTSi, kapadokiaSi, goremes maxloblad, mdebareobs, gvianbrinjaos xanaSi, - xeTebis imperiis dros iyo dasaxlebuli.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 109

Colak Abdi Pasha, the bey of the then-BayazitProvince, constructed the Ishak Pasha Palaceduring the late 17th century AD. The location is nowknown at Agri Province, Turkey, not far from MountArarat (Ağrı Dağı).

baiazeTis provinciis beim, abdil faSam ishak faSas sasaxle XVII saukunis dasasruls aago. igi Tanamedrove TurqeTSi, mTis araratis maxloblad mdebareobs.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor110

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 111

The Library of Celsus at Ephesus, Turkey, wascompleted in 135 AD.

celsusis biblioTekis mSenebloba efesoSi (TurqeTi) 135 wels damTavrda

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor112

even though this region was a great crossroads for trade and culture, in some historic periods those relationships declined very significantly, and there was a pronounced shift in focus to self-sufficiency in preference to trade. Büyükardıç Hill would have been strategically significant to any ambitious King because it was situated at the center of crucial east-west trading routes that extended from the Araxes and Karasu valleys of the Caucasus, connecting persia to eastern anatolia. passing through this territory, given its high altitude would have only been possible from spring to autumn, as snowpacks blocked winter travel.

as the forces holding the region together (primarily the power of the Hittite Empire) collapsed, as major trade and population centers were abandoned or ruined in warfare, and as the movement of goods and people became a perilous undertaking, self-sufficient settlements like Büyükardıç emerged in easily defended mountainous areas. evidence of this change were uncovered in Büyükardıç: the discovery of a possible early Iron age metal working shop suggests that an attempt at a measure of self-sufficiency, and the ceramics found at the site appear to be mainly of local origin. the settlement’s location on a hilltop and the discovery of several metal arrow points also suggest its occupants were very concerned with defense, even though the site itself was unfortified. Yet despite Büyükardıç’s residents apparent desire for self-sufficiency, the turbulent political climate of the region forced smaller communities to occasionally form alliances in order to survive threats.

ganviTarebisaTvis unda Seewyo xeli.

arqeologiuri Zegli politikuri

arastabilurobis periodis Sesaxeb

gvawvdis informacias.

kulturebis gzajvaredinsa da vaWrobis

ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli

mdebareobis miuxedavad, zog periodSi

savaWro urTierTobebi Zalian mcirdeboda

da sazogadoeba TviTkmar cxovrebaze

gadadioda. buiuqardiCi mniSvnelovani

iyo TiToeuli ambiciuri mefisaTvis,

radgan igi ganTavsebuli iyo aRmosavleT_

dasavleTis savaWro gzis centrSi,

romelic araqsisa da yarasus xeobebidan

iwyeboda da sparseTsa da aRmosavleT

anatolias erTmaneTTan akavSirebda. am

gzis gavla didi simaRlis gamo zamTarSi

SeuZlebeli iyo.

rogorc ki regionis centaluri

xelisufleba (savaraudod, xeTebis

samefosi) moiSala, didi savaWro

dasaxlebebi dacarielda da omianobisas

daingra, saqonlis savaWrod gadatana ki

saxifaTo gaxda, buiuqardiCis msgavsi

TviTkmari dasaxlebebi kargad gamagrebul

adgilebze gaCnda. es cvlileba kargad

aisaxa buiuqardiCzec. adrerkinis xanis

rkinis samWedlosa da keramikuli masala

swored TviTkmarobaze migvaniSnebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom dasaxlebas

galavani ar hqonda, mTis mwvervalze misi

mdebareoba da saisre wertilebis arseboba

migvaniSnebs, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba

Tavdacvas yuradRebiT ekideboda.

politikurma situaciam mcire Temebi

aiZula Tavdacvis mizniT mokavSireebi

eZebnaT da ufro didi gaerTianebebi

SeeqmnaT.

This riton, a metal wine vessel uncovered at the site of the Tasmasor Hill excavation in northeastern Turkey, depicts a camel, which highlights the trade connections between the Middle East and Central Asia.

es ritoni (liTonis yanwi) tamasoris mTaze, Crdilo TurqeTSia aRmoCenili. masze gamosaxuli aqlemi, savaraudod, axlo aRmosavleTsa da Sua azias Soris arsebuli savaWro urTierTobebis amsaxvelia.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 113

The abundance of coarse, handmade pottery without surface treatment found at Büyükardıç is typical of the early Iron age. however the 6,650 potsherds categorized into nineteen distinct ware groups uncovered at this site establishes the diverse range of stylistic and developmental attributes present onsite. Functionally, archaeologists have determined that some Büyükardıç potters used wheel-looms, while others were hand-made. In terms of design, Büyükardıç pottery displays red-slip, burnished, grooved, notched, incised, concentric circular impressions, rosette stamps, and painted decorations. Many of these features share commonalities with vessels found in Northwestern Iran, Georgia, armenia, and eastern thrace. thus providing further evidence that trade was prevalent at Büyükardıç.

Findings at Büyükardıç represent the transitional period from Late Bronze to early Iron age that occurred in anatolia during the 12th century and was probably built soon after the collapse of the Hittite capital. Most Early Iron Age settlements of the region were fortified and resettled following the collapse. the site is unique in that respect because it was not resettled, and thus provides crucial material evidence that has not been disturbed as drastically as related sites that were resettled.

During the 6th and 5th centuries BC, the persian achaemenid empire had spread outwards with increasing power from its capital at Susa. In the middle of the 1st millennium BC, the empire came to include all of anatolia and the southern Caucasus highlands. Sites excavated during the pipelines project at tetikom and tasmasor, situated along one of the ancient roads connecting central anatolia with the highlands to the east and the araxes river valley, have vastly enriched knowledge of the region under achaemenid rule during the Late Iron age.

buiuqardiCze aRmoCenili xeliT naZerwi,

zedapirdaumuSavebeli, uxeSi keramika

adrerkinis xanisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

Tixis WurWlis 6650 natexi, romelic 19

jgufad daiyo, sxvadasxva stilursa da

teqnikuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeboda.

gairkva, rom zogi meTune keramikul

morgvs iyenebda, zogi ki WurWels xeliT

amzadebda. buiuqardiCis mTaze aRmoCenil

keramikaSi gvxvdeba wiTlad naprialebi

nimuSebi. zogierTi moxatuli iyo. gvxvdeba

nakawri, amoRaruli ornamenti, varduliani

Stampi, koncentruli amoRaruli xazebi.

bevr WurWels saerTo aqvs Crdilo iranis,

saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da aRmosavleT

Trakiis keramikasTan, rac gare samyarosTan

vaWrobis dasturad gamodgeba.

buiuqardiCis gaTxrebisas mopovebuli

arqeologiuri masala Zegls

gvianbrinjaodan, vidre adrerkinis xanaze

gardamavali periodiT, Zv.w. XII saukuniT

aTariRebs. es dasaxleba xeTebis imperiis

dedaqalaqis dacemis Semdeg swrafadve

augiaT. adre rkinis xanis dasaxlebebis

umetesoba galavanSemortymuli iyo da

imperiis dacemis Semdegaa dasaxlebuli.

Zegli imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom aq

mopovebuli masala saSualebas iZleva

adrerkinis xanaze gardamavali mTeli

periodis uwyvet cxovrebas misi meSveobiT

gavadevnoT Tvali.

Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebSi aqemenidurma iranma,

romlis dedaqalaqi suza iyo, Tavisi

Zalaufleba kidev ufro ganamtkica

da samxreT kavkasiasa da antoliaSic

gabatonda. milsadenis teritoriis

Seswavlisas telikonsa da tasmasorSi

aRmoCenilma Zeglebma, romlebic

anatoliisa da araqsis xeobaze gamavali

uZvelesi gzebis maxloblad iyo, regionis

aqemenidebis droindeli yofis Sesaxeb

arsebuli codna mniSvnelovnad gaamdidra

da gaaRrmava.

The front side of this coin, found at Minnetpinari(where remains of a church with a basilica designwere uncovered), shows a lightly crowned anddraped bust facing right. On the reverse side, asoldier with helmet and armor is standing with hishead also facing right. He holds a lance in hisright hand and a shield resting on the ground inhis left hand.

mineTfinarSi, sadac bazilikuri eklesiis naSTebi aRmoCnda, napovni monetis Sublze, marjvena profilSi, gvirgviniani adamianis portretia gamosaxuli. monetis zurgze marjvniv mimarTuli, muzaradiani meomris gamosaxulebaa datanili, romelsac marjvena xelSi Subi uWiravs, marcxenaSi ki – fari.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor114

The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul contains examples ofthe finest mosaic art, including this famous mosaicdepicting Jesus Christ.

stambulis aia sofias taZarSi brwyinvale mozaikuri panoebia daculi, maT Sorisaa macxovris sayovelTaod cnobili gamosaxulebac.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 115

perhaps the longest continuously inhabited site found during the archaeological excavations during this project was tasmasor. Discovered at tasmasor hill, and located on the erzurum plain of Northeastern turkey, tasmasor was of great geopolitical importance as competing empires vied for dominance in the ancient world. the erzurum and Pasinler Plains separated by the Kargapazari mountain range form a natural pass just south of tasmasor connecting two important regions of Northeast anatolia, as well as allowing access from anatolia into the Caucasus and Iranian steppe. Control of this gateway, known as the Deveboynu pass, was crucial for east-west trade connections in anatolia, and was one of the few passable routes available for Iron age empires.

Guided by Assoc. Prof. S. Yücel Şenyurt, the excavation of tasmasor hill initially uncovered a medieval housing complex dating to the 12th century aD, which contained minimal material remains. In the midst of unearthing this structure, Şenyurt’s team chanced upon two pit burials that displayed characteristics common to this region during the Iron Age. Soon after structural foundations made from river stones were found accompanying the previously discovered graves.

Unfortunately the original provenance of artifacts discovered at tasmasor has been lost as the natural stratigraphy of this site was unsettled from continuous reoccupation. this hindered the ability for Şenyurt and his team to accurately cross-reference material found at tasmasor with that of neighboring sites believed to share cultural characteristics.

samSeneblo proeqtis mimdinareobisas

Seswavlili ZeglTa Soris uwyveti da

xangrZlivi arsebobiT tamasori gamoirCeva.

igi mdebareobs Crdilo-aRmosavleT

TurqeTSi, erzrumis vakeze, tamasoris

mTaze. erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli

imperiebisaTvis mas mniSvnelovani

geopolitikuri mdebareoba hqonda.

erzrumisa da fasinleris vakeebs hyofs

yarafazaris qedi. swored tamasoris

maxlobladaa devenbois uReltexili,

romelic anatoliis am or mniSvnelovan

mxares akavSirebs. am gziT anatoliidan

SesaZlebelia kavkasiaSi da iranis

stepebSi gadasvla. karibWis kontroli

gadamwyveti iyo anatoliis aRmosavleTsa

da dasvleTs Soris vaWrobaSi. rkinis

xanaSi arsebuli mcirericxovani

gadasasvlelebTagan igi erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani iyo da mis dasaufleblad

imperiebi ibrZodnen.

prof. iusuf senuirTis xelmZRvanelobiT

Catarebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma

tamasoris mTaze Sua saukuneebis, kerZod

XII saukunis, sacxovrebeli kompleqsi

gamoavlina. igi mcire raodenobis

arqeologiur masalas Seicavda. erTi

nagebobis Seswavlisas rkinis xanis

samarxebi gamoCnda, mogvianebiT ki, amave

periodis nagebobebic gamovlinda.

tamasorSi aRmoCenili artefaqtebi

metwilad maTi Tavdapirveli adgilidan

daZruli iyo. imis gamo, rom teritoriis

xangrZlivi periodis dausaxleblobam

stratigrafiuli monacemebi ar gamoavlina,

amitom senuirTis gundma maxloblad

arsebuli arqeologiuri Zeglebis

masalebi safuZvlianad Seiswavla.

These Byzantine coins found at Tasmasor Hill, located in the historically strategic Erzurum Plain of northeastern Turkey, were likely in circulation until 1070-1080 AD, when the Seljuk Empire assumed political authority of the region. The coins show Jesus Christ with a cross on his head and a nimbus of single-point ornaments on his arms, raising his right hand as if sanctifying, and holding the Bible in his left hand.

es bizantiuri monetebi aRmoCenilia tamasoris mTaze, romelic Crdilo-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi, erzurumis vakeze mdebareobs. am adgils istoriulad strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda. monetebi mimoqcevaSi unda yofiliyo 1070-1080 wlebamde. monetebze gamosaxulia ieso qriste. mas Tavze Saravandi adgas, romelsac jvris ornamenti amkobs; marjvena xeli kurTxevad aqvs apyrobili, xolo marcxena xelSi biblia uWuravs.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor116

The Hellenistic Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Periods (ca. 400 BC – 700 AD) the hellenistic period that began around the time of Alexander the Great greatly influenced the regions of anatolia lying along the pipeline corridor. The Battle of Issus—the second of three great battles between the Alexander’s Macedonian army and the persian achaemenids—was fought in 333 BC on a plain approximately 30 kilometers from Ceyhan, the terminus of the BtC pipeline. emperor Darius III personally led the persian forces at Issus. although the Macedonians were heavily outnumbered and cut off from their supply lines, they crushed the persians, forcing Darius to flee. He consolidated his army for the subsequent Battle of Gaugamela, where the Achaemenids experienced their final, crucial defeat.

Within a few years of these triumphs, alexander was dead, and Macedonian General Seleucus established his own dynasty in the parts of alexander’s domain he then acquired. the Seleucid empire lasted for several hundred years and established control over much of the South Caucasus and eastern anatolia. It proved to be a fascinating melting pot of leadership from the Macedonian and Greco-Mediterranean worlds, of indigenous cultures, and of political hierarchies inherited from the achaemenids. the resulting hellenistic culture combined elements from east (persian/achaemenid) and west (Greco/Mediterranean). It was expressed in new forms of art and architecture, an expanding pantheon of gods, and the spread of a culturally distinctive style in ceramics and other crafts. Powerful Mediterranean influences also spread throughout eastern anatolia and the South Caucasus during the hellenistic period. roman control of the region reinforced economic and social connections there.

elinisturi, berZnuli, romauli da bizantiuri periodebi (Zv.w. 400 – ax.w.700ww.)

elinisturi xana aleqsandre makedonelis

mier aziaze gavlenis damyarebis

droidan daiwyo. 333 wels ifsusis vakeze,

romelic jeihanidan 30 kilometriTaa

daSorebuli, aleqsandre makedonelisa

da aqemeniduri imperiis armiebs Soris

brZola gaimarTa. imperatori darios

III Tavad xelmZRvanelobda sparsTa

jars. miuxedavad imisa, rom makedonelebi

damxmare jars mowyvetilebi iyvnen, maT

sparselebi gaanadgures, dariosma ki

gaqceviT uSvela Tavs. dariosma kvlav

Seagrova jari da momdevno brZola

gavgamelasTan gamarTa, rasac sparselTa

saboloo damarcxeba mohyva.

didi gamarjvebebidan ramdenime weliwadSi

aleqsandre gardaicvala da makedonelma

generalma selevkosma sakuTari dinastia

daaarsa. selevkidebis imperia ramdenime

aswleulis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda da

Zalauflebas kavkasiis did nawilsa da

anatoliaze avrcelebda. es saxelmwifo

makedonuri, berZnul-makedonuri da

aqemeniduri samyaroebis tradiciebs

aerTianebda, ris Sedegad warmoSobili

elinisturi kultura aRmosavluri

da dasavluri kulturebis nazavs

warmoadgenda. es siaxle gamoixateboda

mxatvrobasa da arqiteqturaSi,

RmerTebis mravalferovan panTeonSi,

agreTve keramikis warmoebisa da sxva

xelobebis ganviTarebaSi. elinistur

xanaSi xmelTaSuazRvispireTis gavlena

aRmosavleT anatoliasa da samxreT

kavkasiazec gavrcelda. romis dapyrobebma

regionSi ekonomikursa da socialur

sferoSi ZalTa axali gadanawileba

warmoSva.

milsadenebis proeqtis mimdinareobisas

Seswavlili ori Zegli - ieqeroni da

ziareTuiu elinistursa da romaul xanebs

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 117

two turkish sites researched during the pipelines project, Yuceoren and Ziyaretsuyu, represent the hellenistic and the roman periods respectively. the necropolis of Yuceoren, located near the pipeline terminus at Ceyhan, contains numerous tombs cut into the bedrock, where portions of a sarcophagus and articles used to treat the dead were found. The settlement site of Ziyaretsuyu, near Sivas in northeastern anatolia, contains the remains of a few domestic structures, painted ceramics and amphorae (large storage vessels), and a terracotta figurine that provides a fine example of classical traits. (Both sites are discussed in greater detail in the next chapter.)

During the 3rd century aD, the roman empire began to encounter a range of challenges that led to its decline. these challenges included economic decline, invasions by “barbarians,” and a general decay of the social fabric that had been a major source of the empire’s appeal to its inhabitants. By the last decades of the century, the leadership in rome was desperate for a way to maintain control of its sprawling empire. to this end, emperor Diocletian divided rule of the empire’s western and eastern parts between himself and a co-emperor, Maximian. Less than a decade later, they added two additional, junior emperors. these four rulers, the Tetrarchy, held court in different parts of the empire.

After Diocletian’s death in the early 4th century AD, years of conflict erupted as various aspirants vied to rule the empire. By 312 aD, Constantine emerged as the most powerful, although the conflicts lasted until 324, when he gained complete authority over the empire.

miekuTvneba. ieqeronis samarovani jeihanis

terminalTan axlos mdebareobs. aq

dedaqanSi CaWrili akldamebia aRmoCenili.

Crdilo-aRmosavleT anatoliaSi,

sivasiis maxloblad mdebare ziareTuius

namosaxlarze mikvleulia Senobebis

naSTebi, moxatuli keramika, amforebi da

terakotis figura. momdevno TavSi orive

Zegli ufro detaluradaa aRwerili.

ax.w. III saukuneSi romis imperia didi

gamowvevebis winaSe idga, ramac mogvianebiT

misi dacema ganapiroba. saxelmwifo

mmarTvelobis krizisi, ekonomikis

daqveiTeba da barbarosebis Semosevebi

am procesis umniSvnelovanesi nawili

iyo. saukunis bolo aTwledSi romis

xelmZRvaneloba TavganwirviT cdilobda

win aRdgomoda imperiis daSlas. am

mizniT imperatorma diokletianem Tavis

TanammarTvel maqsimians gaunawila

Zalaufleba da imperia or nawilad _

aRmosavleTad da dasavleTad gahyo.

aTi wlis Semdeg maT kidev ori, umcrosi

Tanaimperatori daemataT. oTxi mmarTveli

(tetrarqia) imperiis sxvadasxva mxaridan

ganagebda qveynis saqmeebs.

IV saukunis dasawyisSi, diokletianes

gardacvalebis Semdeg, taxtisaTvis brZola

wlebis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda,

romelSiac sabolood, 312 wels,

konstantinem gaimarjva. miuxedavad amisa,

konfliqti sabolood mxolod 324 wels

amoiwura, rodesac man Tavisi Zalauflebis

gavrceleba mTeli imperiis teritoriaze

SeZlo.

The excavation of this small room at the Roman-erabath site of Kayranlıkgözü revealed the heated floorsystem known as a hypocaust.

romauli abanos (kariranlikgozi) am mcire nawilSi hipokausti, anu iatakis gaTbobis sistema aRmoCnda.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor118

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 119

The Hagia Sophia was built in Constantinopleunder the direction of Emperor Justinian during the6th century AD. It became a mosque after OttomanSultan Mehmet II conquered Constantinople. Afterserving for nearly 500 years as Istanbul’s principalmosque, it was converted into a museum in 1935. aia sofias taZari konstantinopolSi imperator iustinianes uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT VI saukuneSi aigo. rodesac qalaqi otomanebma aiRes, sulTan mehmed II–is brZanebiT igi meCeTad gadakeTda. 500 wlis Semdeg, 1935 wels, aq muzeumi gaixsna.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor120

Constantine was one of the pivotal figures of the first millennium AD. A convert to Christianity, he eventually established the precedence of this religion within the empire. he also moved the seat of his rule from rome to Byzantium on the Bosphorus and renamed it Constantinople (nowIstanbul), thus shifting the Empire’s center of gravity to the eastern Mediterranean. Over time, the eastern part of the roman empire came to be known as the Byzantine empire. During the5th and 6th centuries aD, the eastern empire grew in power and splendor, reaching its height during the 6th century aD under the reign of emperor Justinian, who introduced the JustinianCode, attempted to reestablish his authority over the western parts of the empire, and presided over great artistic achievements such as the construction of the hagia (or aya) Sophia (Church of the holy Wisdom).

the Byzantine empire dominated much of the eastern Mediterranean for several centuries, at its height controlling territory from Saudi arabia to the Balkans, including all of anatolia, and spreading the Christianity of the Byzantine Orthodox Church throughout the region.

konstantine I aTaswleulis

umniSvnelovanesi mmarTveli iyo. mis

dros imperiis oficialur religiad

qristianoba gamocxadda. man dedaqalaqi

romidan bizantiumSi gadaitana da mas

konstantinopoli uwoda. amgvarad, imperiis

centrma aRmosavleTisaken gadmoinacvla.

droTa ganmavlobaSi romis imperiis

aRmosavleT nawils bizantia daerqva.

V-VI saukuneebSi aRmosavleTi imperia

Zlierdeboda da VI saukuneSi, imperator

iustinianes zeobaSi, zenits miaRwia.

iustinianem gamosca kanonTa krebuli,

romelic iustinianes kodeqsis saxeliTaa

cnobili, man scada Tavisi Zalufleba

dasavleTiTac gaevrcelebina. mis dros

aigo aia sofiis (wminda sibrZnis)

brwyinvale taZaric.

ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi

bizantiis imperia aRmosavleT

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis udides

nawils flobda da saudis arabeTidan

balkaneTamde teritorias akontrolebda.

imperiam mTel regionSi qristianoba

gaavrcela.

This partially broken cigarette holder, discovered atAkmezer, Turkey, is made from meerschaum, a softwhite mineral.

TurqeTSi, akmezarSi aRmoCenili es yalioni TeTri mineralisaganaa damzadebuli.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 121

Eventually, however, the Empire lost ground, first to the incursions of the arabs and later the turks. Islamic armies poured out of Arabia in the 7th century aD, capturing the Levant, Mesopotamia, and egypt within a few years. By late in the century, a boundary between the Byzantine empire and arab world was established that lasted well into the 11th century aD, running from west of Ceyhan through eastern anatolia to the highlands west of Azerbaijan. By the 8th century AD, the Abbasid Caliphate had established a powerful capital at Baghdad, from which it led the Muslim world.

archaeological excavations along the pipeline corridor provided several glimpses into the world of eastern anatolia during the Byzantine empire. Most of the sites are domestic in nature—simple villages and communities of ordinary people who probably went about their daily lives knowing little about the Byzantine Empire or the emperor in Constantinople. two sites however at Kayranlikgözü (a public bath complex) and Minnetpinari, provide glimpses of the more public side of the empire.

One of the more fascinating sites along the pipeline corridor is the roman period bath complex located at Kayranlıkgözü of Turkey’s Andırın district. Tucked in between the Kayranlık mountain range on one side and 12th century aD Geben Castle on the other, this complex likely dates from the 2nd to 5th centuries aD doesn’t appear to have many structural relatives. two notable exceptions exist in the archaeological record from this period however, one in Greece and the other in Istanbul. Yet despite similar architectural elements with other contemporary sites in Italy, Greece, North africa, Europe and Anatolia, Kayranlıkgözü’s design and construction appears to be unique with respect to baths constructed in roman-controlled areas. this raises some interesting questions regarding the nature of roman rule, especially surrounding the apparent allowance for local influences in architecture at sites such as Kayranlıkgözü. Furthermore, how did aspects of local customs and transregional trade interact?

miuxedavad Tavisi siZlierisa, droTa

ganmavlobaSi bizantiis imperia

teritoriebs kargavda. VII saukuneSi,

arabebma sul ramdenime weliwadis

ganmavlobaSi levanti, siria da egvipte

daikaves. VII saukunis dasasruls

bizantiasa da arabeTs Soris sasazRvro

xazi jeihanis dasavleTiT, aRmosavleT

anatoliasa da azerbaijanis mTianeTze

gadioda, rac XI saukunemde SenarCunda.

VII saukuneSi abasidebis saxelmwifos

dedaqalaqi baRdadi gaxda, saidanac

islamuri samyaro imarTeboda.

milsadenebis gaswvriv warmoebuli

arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas warmoCinda

bizantiis imperiis nawilis - aRmosavleT

anatoliis mosaxleobis yofis ramdenime

mniSvnelovani aspeqti. Zeglebis

umravlesoba dasaxlebaa – esaa ubralo

soflebi, sadac ise cxovrobdnen, rom

bizantiis imperiisa da imperatoris

Sesaxeb TiTqmis araferi icodnen. ori

arqeologiuri Zegli – qairanliqgozu

(abanos kompleqsi) da mineTfinari

gacilebiT met informacias iZleva

imperiis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

Sesaxeb.

milsadenebis derefanSi arsebul

ZeglTagan erT-erTi mniSvnelovania

romauli xanis abanos kompleqsi, romelic

ardinis raionSi, qairanliqgozuSi,

mdebareobs. igi erTi mxridan qairanliqis

mTebiT, meore mxridan ki XII saukunis

cixesimagriTaa garSemortymuli. Zegli II-V

saukuneebiT TariRdeba da mSeneblobis

teqnikiTaa gansxvavebuli. arqeologiuri

gaTxrebisas msgavsi nagebobebi mxolod

organ - saberZneTsa da konstantinopolSia

aRmoCenili. miuxedavad imisa, rom

italiaSi, saberZneTSi, Crdilo afrikaSi,

evropasa da anatoliaSi aRmoCenil,

amave periodiT daTariRebul, msgavsi

daniSnulebis Zeglebze analogiuri

arqiteqturuli detalebi gvxvdeba,

qairanliqgozus dizaini da konstruqcia

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor122

As is common at bath sites, Kayranlıkgözü lacked substantial material remains necessary for a concise archaeological analysis. Oftentimes bath complexes will not uncover material remnants, however in the case of Kayranlıkgözü two coins were discovered. Inscriptions observed on these coins suggest that the initial construction of this complex dates to the early 4th century AD. Additionally further metal and glass finds corroborate this estimate.

Minnetpinari, a roman period church located near the Turkish village of Başdoğan, provides some evidence of religious practice in eastern anatolia. Only the western portion of the basilica church was excavated, yet the church appears to have been built in three distinct phases. Initially the church was constructed atop a three nave floor plan. the ceiling, supported by large cylindrical pillars, magnificently displayed connecting archways around the church. a second, lesser phase of construction elevated the basem*nt up to the same level as the main church floor. Finally a small chapel was attached to the southern nave to complete the church renovations.

the excavations at Minnetpinari uncovered a total of 65 tomb burials. the majority of these burials contained adult males, and with the exception of two graves, no artifacts were found in Minnetpinari’s tombs. Most tombs had a very distinctive arrangement, where two or more small stones were situated around the head of the deceased. Gender and age also factored into the position of the body. Skeletons laying on their backs was ubiquitous to all of the honored dead, however the hands of male skeletons were crossed at their waist with their hands cupping their elbows. Conversely, female skeletons crossed their hands on top of their chests. Children were positioned with their right hand on their chest with the left hand supporting the right hand’s elbow. the elderly also had their own style as their left hand held the right hand close to the shoulder and right hand supports the left hand’s elbow (pudicita type). these distinctive burial positions were quite common in Christian communities not exclusive to eastern anatolia.

romaul samyaroSi unikaluria. Zeglze

Catarebulma gaTxrebma arqeologebis

winaSe ramdenime mniSvnelovani kiTxva

gaaCina. daisva sakiTxi regionSi romauli

mmarTvelobis xasiaTisa da adgilobrivi

arqiteqturuli tradiciebis gavlenis

Sesaxeb; Sesaswavlia adgilobriv

tradiciebze transregionaluri vaWrobis

Sedegebis gavlenac.

abanoebis Seswavlisas, rogorc wesi,

arc Tu ise bevri arqeologiuri masala

vlindeba. asea qairanliqgozuSic, magram

aq mopovebuli ori monetis saSualebiT

moxerxda Zeglis mSeneblobis TariRis

– IV saukunis dasawyisis gansazRvra.

aq aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masala

aRniSnul TariRs ar ewinaaRmdegeba.

romauli xanis abano mineTfinari

mdebareobs sofel baSdoRanis maxloblad.

aq arsebuli bazilikis mxolod erTi,

dasavleTi, nawili gaiTxara. gamoirkva,

rom taZari orjeraa gadakeTebuli.

Tavdapirvelad, igi samnaviani eklesiis

gegmiT aSenda. TaRovani Weri did

cilindrul svetebs eyrdnoboda. Semdgom

saZirkveli mTavari eklesiis iatakamde

amaRlda. dasasrul, samxreT navs mcire

samlocvelo miuSenes.

mineTfinaris gaTxrebisas 65 samarxi

gamovlinda. dakrZalulTa umetesoba

zrdasruli mamakaci iyo. samarxeuli

inventari mxolod orSi aRmoCnda.

samarxTa umetesobaSi micvalebulebis

TavebTan ori-sami patara qva ido;

dakrZalulTa pozas ki maTi asaki da

sqesi ganapirobebda. yvela micvalebuli

zurgze iwva, mamakacebs idayvebi hqondaT

gadajvaredinebuli da xelebi welze

edoT. qalebs xelebi mkerdze hqondaT

gadajvaredinebuli, bavSvebs ki marjvena

xeli mkerdze edoT, marcena - marjvenis

idayvze. moxucebs marcxena xeliT

marjvena mklavi eWiraT, marjvena xeliT

ki - marcxena idayvi. dakrZalvis es wesebi

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 123

Numismatic material found at Minnetpinari has helped to piece together the political history and trade networks of eastern anatolia at this time. In anatolia during the early Medieval period, local kings and rulers habitually reissued new coins in their own honor during both their political inauguration and sometimes throughout their reign. Minnetpinari is an interesting site in that it contains coins from multiple empires and time periods. Of the 46 total coins found at the site, 28 belonged to the 13th century Kilikia Kingdom, 4 to the later Islamic period and 4 to the Christian roman empire (contemporary to the occupation of the church). all point to the longevity ofMinnetpinari and the diverse political climate of anatolia through time.

The Turkish World after 700 AD In the early 12th century aD, the Seljuk turks began their incursions into central anatolia. turkic peoples had come from Central asia, where they were the dominant cultural group by the 6th century AD. By the mid-7th century AD, the Göktürks (a nomadic confederation of Turks) built an empire that included the South Caucasus, but dynastic infighting led to its collapse. the Seljuks, a clan within the nomadic Oghuz peoples of the aral steppes, established a dynasty that came to dominate the tribes that had moved into the abbasid Caliphate during the 9th and 10th centuries aD. at first employed by the Caliphate as slaves and soldiers, the Seljuks gradually assumed greater authority as they adopted Islam, which they injected with new energy. By the 11th century aD, the Seljuks had wrested control of Mesopotamia and eastern anatolia from the Caliphate and advanced to persia, before turning their attention to the Byzantine empire to the west.

mxolod aRmosavleT anatoliisaTvis ar

iyo damaxasiaTebeli, igi aseve farTod

iyo gavrcelebuli mTel qristianul

samyaroSi.

mineTfinaris numizmaturi masala

aRmosavleT anatoliis politikuri

istoriisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb damatebiT

informacias iZleva; adreuli Sua

saukuneebis anatoliis mefeebi da

mmarTvelebi axal monetebs xan mefed

kurTxevisas, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, mTeli

zeobis ganmavlobaSi, sakuTar saxelze

Wridnen. mineTfinari am mxriv saintereso

Zeglia, sadac sxvadasxva imperiisa da

sxvadasxva drois monetebia mopovebuli.

aq aRmoCenili 46 monetidan 28 kilikiis

samefos XIII saukunis monetaa, 4 islamuri

periodisaa, oTxic - eklesiis Tanadrouli,

romis qristianuli periodisa. yvela

maTgani mineTfinaris dasaxlebis

xangrZliv arsebobasa da gansxvavebul

politikur mdgomareobaze migviTiTebs.

Turanuli samyaro VII saukunis Semdeg

XII saukunis dasawyisidan Turq-

seljukebma anatoliaSi damkvidreba

daiwyes. Turanuli modgmis xalxebi

Sua aziidan daiZrnen, sadac isini VI

saukuneSi umravlesoba iyo. VII saukunis

Sua xanebSi momTabare Turqebis -

gioqTurqebis konfederaciam Seqmna imperia,

magram igi dinastiuri dapirispirebebis

gamo daiSala. Turq oRuzebis Sto

- seljukebi Tavdapirvelad aralis

stepebSi cxovrobdnen. maT Camoayalibes

Zlieri dinastia, romelic IX-X saukuneebSi

saTaveSi Caudga abasidebis saxalifoSi

macxovrebel Turanul tomebs.

Tavdapirvelad isini saxalifoSi monebisa

da jariskacebis movaleobas asrulebdnen,

islamis miRebis Semdeg ki dawinaureba

daiwyes. XI saukuneSi maT mesopotamiasa

da aRmosavleT anatoliaze daamyares

kontroli, mogvianebiT ki bizantias

daupirispirdnen.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor124

In 1071, at the Battle of Malazgirt, the Seljuks, led by alp arslan, defeated a Byzantine army in eastern anatolia and captured the emperor, Romanos IV Diogenes. (Although freed soon thereafter, he was deposed.) Within a few decades, the Seljuks had driven the Byzantine forces to the Sea of Marmara, and exerted turkic dominance across much of anatolia.

the Seljuk empire had an important historical role in the dissemination of the Islamic faith and in its defense against anti-Islamic crusaders from europe. It lost its dominance over anatolia, although it remained a force in Mesopotamia and anatolia until its final collapse under pressure from the Mongols in 1243. the Seljuk Sultanate of rûm, a fragment of the dismembered empire, controlled a large part of central and eastern Anatolia as far as Lake Van until the end of the 13th century—in its latter years, as a vassal state to the Mongol empire. the Sultanate, which ruled for over 200 years, helped to establish the turkish character of the region, and created a system of han or caravanserai (roadside commercial buildings along trade routes) that fostered commerce from central asia to the Mediterranean.

For 350 years, the Byzantines managed to fight off the Seljuk turks. By the 14th century aD, however, a new force among the Seljuks’ successors had emerged, marking the beginning of a new era. anatolian beyliks (turkic states ruled by beys) gained power as the Sultanate of rûm declined. One of the beyliks, led by Osman I of the Osmanoğlu, spread its power across western anatolia, forming the basis for the Ottoman empire. During the 14th century, Osman’s descendants gained greater control of anatolia. after their victory against the Byzantines at the Battle of adrianople in 1365, they moved their capital to adrianople in what is now the european part of turkey. this defeat isolated Constantinople from the rest of europe and positioned the Ottomans to move against Greece and the Balkans.

1071 wels maT alf arslanis

winamZRolobiT, manaskertTan, bizantiuri

armia daamarcxes da imperatori romanoz

diogene Seipyres (man tyveobidan gaqceva

moaxerxa, magram taxtidan gadaayenes).

ramdenime weliwadSi seljukebma bizantia

marmarilos zRvamde Seaviwroves da

anatoliaSi Turquli batonoba daamyares.

jvarosnulma laSqrobam da seljukebs

Soris dawyebulma dinastiurma omebma

bizantiis imperias amosunTqvis saSualeba

misca; seljukebma anatoliaSi pirveloba

dakarges, Tumca, kvlavac rCebodnen

angariSgasawev Zalad. 1243 wels monRolTa

Semosevam seljukTa saxelmwifo

sabolood gaanadgura. daSlili Turquli

imperiis nawils - rumis sasulTnos, XIII

saukunis dasasrulamde aRmosavleT

anatoliis mniSvnelovani nawili eWira,

magram Semdeg igi monRolebis vasaluri

saxelmwifo gaxda. rumis sasulTnom,

romelic 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda,

regionSi Turquli cxovrebis wesi

daamkvidra qarvaslebis sistema Seqmna, rac

Sua aziidan xmelTaSua zRvamde vaWrobis

ganviTarebas uwyobda xels.

350 wlis ganmavlobaSi bizantia seljukTa

Semotevebs uZlebda, magram XIV saukuneSi

gaCnda axali Zala, romelmac anatoliis

beiliqebi (Turquli samTavroebi,

romlebsac beebi marTavdnen) Seqmna.

anatoliurma beiliqebma Zalaufleba

rumis sasulTnos dacemisTanave moipoves.

erT-erTma beiliqma, romelsac osman I

meTaurobda, dasavleT anatoliis nawili

Caigdo xelSi, riTac otomanTa imperias

daudo safuZveli. XIV saukuneSi misma

STamomavlebma anatoliis didi nawili

daimorCiles. 1365 wels, adrianopolTan

bizantielebis damarcxebis Semdeg, maT

dedaqalaqi Tanamedrove TurqeTis

evropuli nawilSi, adrianopolSi,

gadaitanes. am marcxma konstantinopoli

danarCeni evropisagan izolaciaSi

moaqcia da otomanebs saberZneTisa da

balkaneTisaken gauxsna gza.O

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 125

Within two decades, the Ottomans took control over much of the southern Balkans. this Ottoman expansion was halted in 1402, following defeat at the hands of the Mongol warlord tamerlane at the Battle of ankara, and for a time, the Ottomans were vassals of the Mongols.

the expansion of the Ottoman empire resumed under the Sultans Mehmet I, Murad II, and Mehmet II. It was under Mehmet II, known as the Conqueror that Constantinople finally fell to the Ottomans in 1453 aD, bringing the Byzantine empire to a close. Mehmet II continued the expansion into the Balkans. at the time of his death in 1481, the Ottomans had an army in Italy marching on rome. Under Selim I and Suleiman I (known as the Magnificent), the empire came to include much of the Middle east and the Levant, egypt, and North africa. In 1529, Suleiman pushed westward and laid siege to Vienna. Although Vienna’s defenders held out against the Ottomans, the attack underscored the threat that a powerful Ottoman empire posed to europe, a threat that lasted for three more centuries, as the rising powers of the West faced off against the Ottomans in numerous battles from Gibraltar to the Black Sea. the result is the patchwork of numerous Christian and Islamic communities that co-exist in the region today. the Ottomans were dominant over a vast area and continued to control much of the Mediterranean region until World War I. today turkic peoples can be found from anatolia through central asia to western China. In anatolia, turkish society combined elements of the classical and Byzantine worlds with eastern cultural influences.

two archaeological sites found along the pipelines corridor in turkey relate to the Ottoman period. Cilhoroz and akmezar are located near erzincan in northeastern anatolia, not far from the great trade routes that passed through erzurum. Both sites date from the final years of Byzantine control of the region and illustrate the simple, rural side of anatolian life during the Middle ages.

oc weliwadSi otomanebma samxreT

balkaneTis mniSvnelovani nawili daikaves.

otomanebis winsvla 1402 wels SeCerda,

rodesac isini Temur lengis jarebma

ankarasTan daamarcxes. mcire drois

ganmavlobaSi isini monRolebis vasalebi

gaxdnen.

sulTan mehmed I-is, murad II-isa da mehmed II

dampyrobels zeobisas otomanTa eqspansia

isev ganaxlda. 1453 wels konstantinopoli

daeca da bizantia ganadgurda. mehmed

II-m eqspansia balkaneTisaken gaagrZela.

1481 wels mehmeT II-is gargacvalebisas,

otomanTa armia italiaSi iyo da

romisaken miiwevda. selim I-sa da suleiman

II-is mmarTvelobis dros imperiis

SemadgenlobaSi axlo aRmosavleTis

didi nawili, levanti, egvipte da Crdilo

afrika Sedioda. 1529 wels suleimanma

venas Semoartya alya. marTalia, venis

damcvelebma Setevis mogerieba SeZles,

magram evropisaTvis naTeli gaxda,

rom isini mzardsa da agresiul Zalas

daupirispirdnen. es dapirispireba sami

saukunis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda.

am drois ganmavlobaSi Savi zRvidan

gibraltaramde araerTi brZola gaimarTa.

Sedegad ki miviReT is religiurad da

eTnikurad Wreli sazogadoeba, romelic

dRes am regionSi cxovrobs. pirvel

msoflio omamde otomanebi xmelTaSua

zRvis sanapiros TiTqmis mTlianad

flobdnen. Turanuli modgmis xalxebs

dRes anatoliidan Sua aziasa da dasavleT

CineTamde SexvdebiT. Tanamedrove Turquli

sazogadoeba anatoliaSi antikuri,

bizantiuri da aRmosavluri gavlenebis

kvals atarebs.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor126

The fertile lands of the Erzincan-Çayırlı region, where the akmezar settlement was located, were well suited for irrigation and also on transportation routes. Ceramics dating from the 11th to the 14th centuries aD, found at akmezar, displayed a limited number of sgraffito glazed and other decoration techniques. a large number of practical containers typically used for storage and transportation were present, indicating a settlement of modest size and regional influence. Both the Erzincan and Çayırlı regions during the 11th though 14th centuries were densely populated, yet seem to have had a highly mobile population. Many of the structures uncovered in this area were crudely built and could be abandoned easily. ram sculptures were also found at Akmezar, Başköy and other villages.

milsadenebis mSeneblobisas

mimdinareOarqeologiurma samuSaoebma

otomanuri periodis ori Zegli

gamoavlina. Cilhorozi da aqmezari

erzinkanis maxloblad, Crdilo-

aRmosavleT anatoliaSi, erzrumze

gamavali savaWro gzis maxloblad

mdebareobs. orive bizantiuri

mflobelobis bolo periodiT TariRdeba

da Sua saukuneebis sasoflo dasaxlebaa.

erzinkan-Cairlis mxareebis nayofieri

miwebi, sadac akmezaris nasoflari

mdebareobda, kargad irwyveboda da savaWro

gzebTanac axlos iyo. aq mopovebuli XI–

XIV saukuneebis keramika moWiqulia an

sxvadasxva ornamentiTaa Semkuli. didi

zomis WurWeli, romelic transportirebisa

da sxvadasxva produqtis Sesanaxavad

iyo damzadebuli, vaWrobis ganviTarebaze

migvaniSnebs. XI–XIV saukuneebis erzinkan-

Cairlis mxareebi mWidrod ar iyo

dasaxlebuli. mosaxleoba erT adgilze

ar Cerdeboda. aq aRmoCenil nasoflarebze

Cans, rom Senobebi naCqarevad Sendeboda da

maT maleve tovebdnen. akmezarze, baSqoisa

da sxva soflebSi xSirad gvxvdeba verZis

qandakebebi.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 127

1 It should be noted that the dates assigned here to archaeological periods vary for each country, reflecting each country’s historical context. In light of national historiographic traditions, and out of respect for the works of the many historians from whom this volume drew, the authors of the present work decided to cite and retain some alternative or divergent perspectives on the past, as applied to specific regions. Further, given some of the methodological challenges of archaeology, this diversity of views can contribute to understanding of events and places about which active research on archeological finds, documents, inscriptions, and literary records continues.

2 This section on “Azerbaijan” is authored solely by Dr. Najaf Museyibli of the Institute of archaeology and Ethnography, Baku, Azerbaijan.

3 М.М.Гусейнов. Ранние стадии заселения человека в пещере Азых. Ученые записки Аз.Гос.Универ., сер. истории и философии, № 4. Баку,1979; М.М.Гусейнов. Древний палеолит Азербайджана. Баку, 1985; Mənsur Mənsurоv. Qafqazda ilk paleоlit abidələri. Azərbaycan arхeоlоgiyası və etnоqrafiyası jurnalı. № 2, 2003; Мансуров М. Палеолит Азербайджана. Международная научная конференция «Археология и этнология Кавказа», Тбилиси, 2002; С.С.Велиев, М.М.Мансуров. К вопросу о возрасте древнейших слоев Азыхской пещерной стоянки. Доклады Академии Наук Азербайджана, 1999, № 3-4).

4 P.M. Касимова. Первые палеоаптропологические находки в Кобыстане Журн. «Вопросы антропологии» вып 46. Москва – 1974).

5 O.Эфендиев. Азербайджанское государство Сефевидов в начале XVI века, Баку, 1981.

6 the writing of the Georgian language has progressed through three distinct forms; asomtavruli, Nuskhuri, and Mkhedruli. at times these graphic forms were used together and shared some of the same letters. the most recent alphabet, Mkhedruli, contains more letters than the two earlier versions, although those extra letters are no longer needed for writing modern Georgian.

7 The Bagrationi Dynasty ruled Georgia until the 19th century aD, when the russian empire annexed Georgia

1 unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoT aRniSnuli

arqeologiuri periodizacia sxvadasxva

qveynisaTvis gansxvavebulia da maT

istoriul ganviTarebas asaxavs. es

wigni istorikosebis naSromebisa da

erovnuli istoriografiebis tradiciebis

pativiscemiT daiwera.Aamitom, naSromis

avtorebma gadawyvites daecvaT regionebis

warmomadgenelebis Sexedulebebi.

viTvaliwinebT ra arqeologiuri

meTodologiis problemebs, azrTa

es sxvadasxvaoba, SesaZloa Zeglebis

SeswavlisaTvis xelSemwyobi faqtori

gaxdes.

2 es Tavi _ “azerbaijani”, baqos arqeologiisa

da eTnografiis institutis TanamSromlis,

najaf museiblis mieraa dawerili.

4 P.M. Касимова. Первые палеоантропологические находки в Кобыстане Журн. «Вопросы антропологии» вып 46. Москва – 1974).

5 O.Эфендиев. Азербайджанское государство Сефевидов в начале XVI века, Баку, 1981.

6 qarTuli damwerloba sam etaps moicavs,

romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia

gansxvavebul grafikuli forma. esaa:

asomTavruli, nusxuri da mxedruli.

Tanamedrove qarTul damwerlobas mxedruli

ewodeba. am anbanSi SemorCenilia Zveli

qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi

aso-niSani, Tumca igi dRes aRar ixmareba.

7 bagrationTa dinastia saqarTvelos XIX

saukunemde, ruseTis mier mis aneqsiamde

ganagebda.

This small pot with lid from Yevlakh, located incentral Azerbaijan, may have held a grave offering.A cord passed through a hole at the top may havesecured the lid.

azerbaijanSi, evlaxSi, mopovebuli WurWeli samarxSia aRmoCenili. WurWlis zeda nawilze datovebul xvrelSi Toki iyo gatarebuli, riTac xufi magrdeboda.

The friezes on this terracotta plaque from theGeorgian site of Klde were carved rather thanpressed. The style of the animals on both the upperand lower levels is characteristic of Persian reliefs. saqarTveloSi, kldis nasaxlarze, napovn Tixis filaze datanili cxovelebis gamosaxuleba sparsul reliefebTan poulobs paralelebs.

This iron ring with a carnelian stone was found atYuceoren in a double-chambered tomb that yieldednumerous other finds, including the remains of22 individuals, of whom 14 were adults and 8were children.

sardionis Tvliani rkinis beWedi ieqeronis organyofilebian akldamaSia aRmoCenili. aq dakrZaluli iyo 22 adamiani, romelTa Soris 14 zrdasruli, 8 ki bavSvi iyo.

0 0.5 1cm

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor134

Chapter 3

archaeological Sites along the pipeline

people and societies throughout history have used material culture to portray what they considered their distinctive characteristics

that set them apart from others. Clothing, jewelry, weaponry, coins, and the form and decorative elements of utilitarian objects such as tools and vessels all bespoke something about their owners’ cultural heritage, family or personal status, religious beliefs, and group memberships. the use of material culture to proclaim something distinctive about their creation or use is also found in architecture, monuments, burial sites and practices, religious symbols, and other forms of material culture.

materialuri kultura

TiToeuli adamianisa

da sazogadoebis

gansxvavebulobasa da

gansakuTrebul xasiaTze metyvelebs.

tansacmeli, samkauli, iaraRi, monetebi,

Sromis iaraRisa da WurWlis

dekoratiuli elementebi da sxva

nivTiebi misi mesakuTris religiur

rwmena-warmodgenebze, kulturul

tradiciebsa da socialur statusze

gviambobs. igive informacias atarebs

arqiteqturuli nagebobebi, samarxebi

da dakrZalvis wesebi, religiuri

simboloebi, agreTve materialuri

kulturis sxva formebi.

Tavi 3

arqeologiuri Zeglebi milsadenis derefanSi

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 135

the South Caucasus and eastern anatolian regions have seen much influence from external cultures, often because of trade connections and invasions. Material evidence of diverse cultures lies hidden under the soil until disturbed by later generations. Such was the case with the pipelines project. Excavations of sites discovered during the pipelines construction unearthed many exciting finds that have deepened and enriched understanding of the peoples and societies that created them, as well as raising intriguing questions that only further excavations and research will resolve.

the archaeological sites described in this chapter, each unique in terms of age, function, and finds, are only a small fraction of the hundreds found during the course of the pipeline project. the primary aim in this chapter is to give an account of the material evidence uncovered from them, encourage further study, and foster appreciation of the regional peoples and their environments. The first three sites are located in Azerbaijan, the second three in Georgia, and the final three in turkey.

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi samxreT kavkasiam

da anatoliam garesamyaros kulturebis

didi gavlena ganicada, rac vaWrobas an

Semosevebs ukavSirdeboda. sxvadasxva

kulturebis warsuli xSirad miwiT

ifareba da xeluxlebeli rCeba iqamde,

sanam mas Semdgomi Taobebi ar pouloben.

ase iyo milsadenebis mSeneblobis

drosac, rodesac arqeologebma am

proeqtis mimdinareobisas gamovlenili

araerTi mniSvnelovani Zegli Seiswavles.

Aaxalma aRmoCenebma gaaRrmava da

gaafarTova codna Zveli adamianebisa

da sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb, gamoiwvia

didi interesi da axali kiTxvebi

dabada, romlebzedac mxolod momavalma

gaTxrebma SeiZleba gasces pasuxi.

am TavSi ganxiluli arqeologiuri

Zeglebi erTmaneTisagan Tavisi asakiT,

daniSnulebiTa da mopovebuli masaliT

gansxvavdeba. milsadenebis mSeneblobisas

samive qveyanaSi aseulobiT Zegli

gaiTxara. qvemoT aRwerili aRmoCenebi

maTi mcire nawilia. Aam Tavis mizania

gavecnoT am Zeglebs, xeli SevuwyoT

maTs Semdgom kvlevas da regionis

mosaxleobas gavacnoT isini. pirveli

sami Zegli azerbaijanidanaa, momdevno

sami saqarTvelodan, bolo sami ki -

TurqeTidan.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor136

Azerbaijan

Dashbulaq

Dashbulaq is one of a series of Medieval sites found in the Shamkir region in northwest Azerbaijan. Additional sites from the same period are located at the Faxrali village in the Goranboy region and at the Lak and hajiali villages in the Samukh region, also in the northwest. Ganja was one of the largest cities in the Caucasus during the late Middle ages, before an earthquake in 1139 killed thousands of people. Shamkir was an important fortress on the Shamkir river and the scene of several battles during the early Middle Ages. These various sites provide examples of distinctive, localized examples of medieval society in the area. the remains of historic bridges on the Zayamchai and Shamkirchai Rivers reflect the engineering of the time. Caravans following the greater Silk road would likely have crossed these bridges as they passed through this portion of Azerbaijan.

the Dashbulaq site is notable for the number of its archaeological layers, which speak of sequential periods of occupation, destruction, and rebuilding. the village at Dashbulaq was most active between the 9th and 11th centuries aD. Because only a small part of the village site was uncovered excavations took place only where the pipeline route passed directly through the village—it is only possible to speculate about what else might be there. A permanent settlement or town from the period might have contained a bazaar, caravanserai (inn), mosque, and madrasah (school). The excavations at Dashbulaq did, however, reveal numerous features that archaeologists would expect to see in permanent villages and settlements. These features, which also have ethnographic parallels today, include

azerbaijani

daSbulaqi

daSbulaqi AazerbaijanSi, Samqoris

raionSi, aRmoCenili Sua saukuneebis erT-

erTi Zeglia. amave droisaa faqsarlis

(goranbois raionSi), lakisa da hajialis

(orive samuxis raionSi) nasoflarebi.

1139 wlamde, rodesac miwisZvram aTasobiT

adamiani imsxverpla, ganja kavkasiaSi

erT-erTi didi qalaqi iyo. Samqoris

cixesimagre mniSvnelovani punqti iyo,

romlis maxloblad araerTi brZola

momxdara. md. zaiamCaisa da Samqorze

arsebuli istoriuli xidebi sainJinro

xelovnebis nimuSebia. abreSumis gzaze

mimaval qaravnebs maTze unda gadaevloT,

rodesac azerbaijanis am monakveTs

gadiodnen. erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli

Zeglebi Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis

ganviTarebas asaxavs.

daSbulaqi mravalfeniani arqeologiuri

Zeglia da am dasaxlebis sxvadasxva

periodis, ngrevisa da aRmSeneblobis

Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. arqeologiuri

gaTxrebi mis mxolod mcire nawilze,

milsadenis viwro arealze Catarda.

amitom SeiZleba gamovTqvaT mxolod

varaudi, Tu ra nagebobebi SeiZleba

arsebuliyo mis gareT. dasaxlebul

punqtSi, rogorc wesi, unda yofiliyo

qarvasla, sastumro, meCeTi da medrese.

daSbulaqis gaTxrebisas gamovlenilma

mravalma nagebobam aq namosaxlaris

arseboba daadastura. mopovebul masalas

dRevandelobasTanac aqvs eTnografiuli

paralelebi, magaliTisaTvis gamodgeba

Zeglze mopovebuli Toneebi, didi

qvevrebi, sameurneo ormoebi, WurWeli (maT

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 137

Tandirs (ovens) such as the two above are a common feature at sites from the Medieval Period. They were constructed from coiled clay and fired in place.

Tandirebi (Toneebi) Sua saukuneebis ZeglebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia. isini Tixisagan mzaddeboda da adgilze gamoiwveboda.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor138

Zoomorphic images of birds, goats, dogs, and wildanimals were stamped into the shoulders of severalpots from Dashbulaq.

Citebis, Txebis, ZaRlebisa da gareuli cxovelebis gamosaxulebebi daSbulaqSi aRmoCenili WurWlis mxrebzea datanili.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 139

tandirs (clay-formed ovens), massive storage pits, and burial sites. among the recovered artifacts are typical domestic items such as utilitarian ceramic cooking vessels and finer serving vessels (including a well-preserved stamped pot with an animal motif and glazed pottery in a typical Islamic style). Personal items included fragments of several glass bracelets. the stratigraphy of the material evidence also seems to indicate an initial Christian community followed by a later Islamic one. this transition seems to have occurred at some time in the middle of the 9th century. The pipeline-related excavations found six Christian graves- a relatively small amount of material reflecting this seemingly earlier Christian community at Dashbulaq. however, it is not entirely clear whether these graves belong to the same period.

Soris, kargad daculi moWiquli qoTani,

romelzedac islamuri samyarosaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli ornamentia datanili),

piradi moxmarebis nivTTagan sayuradReboa

minis samajurebi. Zeglis stratigrafia

IX saukuneSi qristianuli sazogadoebis

islamuriT Canacvlebas gviCvenebs.

milsadenis teritoriaze mikvleul

Zeglebze qristianuli periodis Zeglebis

arqeologiuri masala bevrad naklebi

raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili, vidre islamuri

kulturis materialuri naSTebi.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor140

Zayamchai and Tovuzchai

Multiple graves at Zayamchai and Tovuzchai, two closely related necropoli excavated along the pipeline corridor in Azerbaijan, yielded extensive insights into the burial practices in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (approximately 1,400-700 BC).

In 2002, archaeologists of the Institute of archaeology and ethnography first recorded the Zayamchai necropolis (or “city of the dead”), located on the east banks of the river of the same name, during baseline surveys carried out during Stage 1 of the project. Subsequent excavations conducted in 2003 uncovered over 130 graves that yielded hundreds of intact pottery vessels, many unique bronze artifacts (including daggers, javelin points, and various decorative pieces), and other ritual objects. the findings indicate that advanced Late Bronze Age (Xojali-Gedabey) cultures were present in the Kura Valley at the end of the second millennium BC. the variety and skilled workmanship reflect a highly coherent, structured local society.

zaiamCai da TovuzCai

zaiamCaisa da TovuzCais erTmaneTTan

axlomdebare gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis

xanis (Zv.w. 1,400-700) samarovnebze

gamovlenda araerTi samarxi, ramac am

periodis dakrZalvis wesebis Sesaxeb

saintereso masala mogvca.

baqos arqeologiisa da eTnografiis

institutis arqeologebma jer zaiamCais

samarovani (“micvalebulTa qalaqi”)

Seiswavles. igi amave dasaxelebis mdinaris

napirze mdebareobs da arqeologiuri

programis I, sabazo kvlevebis

etapze gaiTxara. gaTxrebi 2002 wels

mimdinareobda. 130 samarxSi aseulobiT

dauzianebeli Tixis WurWeli, brinjaos

satevrebi, Subispirebi, samkauli da sxva

saritualo nivTi aRmoCnda. samarovnis

gaTxrebisas mopovebuli masala gviCvenebs,

rom ganviTarebuli gvianbrinjaos

xanis xojali-gedabeis kultura Zv.w.

meore aTaswleulis dasasruls mtkvris

xeobaSic vrceldeboda. masalis

mravalferovneba da daxvewiloba kargad

ganviTarebul sazogadoebaze migvaniSnebs.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 141

Archaeologists will be working for years to come tointerpret the markings scratched on the bottom ofthis pot before it was fired.

am WurWlis Zirze gamosaxuli niSnebis gasaSifrad arqeologebs albaT wlebi dasWirdebaT.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor142

This distinctive three-legged shallow footed vesselis decorated across its top and bottom.

es gansakuTrebuli samfexa WurWeli

mTlianadaa ornamentirebuli.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 143

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor144

the project’s planning team rerouted the pipelines in this area to avoid impacting two other significant cultural heritage sites located nearby. One was a large and complex settlement that seems to date from the Late Bronze Age, and the second was a historic bridge crossing the Zayamchai that likely dates from the Middle ages.

The Tovuzchai necropolis, uncovered on the west bank of the river of the same name, was similar to the necropolis at Zayamchai. The 80-plus graves excavated at this site during 2004 and 2005 similarly revealed a rich burial culture. particularly noteworthy were the complete pots with the remains of the deceased; in some cases over 20 complete pots had been buried at the same time. Other items from the graves included bronze daggers and arrowheads, bronze bosses (a circular bulge or knoblike form protruding from a surrounding flatter area), and hundreds of beads made from carnelian, agate, and glass paste. the internments at the sites seem to have taken place over several hundred years without notable interruption.

milsadenis daproeqtebisas dacvis mizniT

or Zegls auares gverdi. erTi unda iyos

gvianbrinjaos xanis didi nasaxlari, meore

ki Sua saukuneebis xidia, romelic md.

zaiamCaizea gadebuli.

TovuzCais samarovani, romelic amave

dasaxelebis mdinaris napirasaa, zaiamCais

samarovnis msgavsia. 2004-2005 wlebSi

gaTxrilma 80-ze metma samarxma mdidari

masala mogvca. aRsaniSnavia, kargad

Senaxuli, micvalebulebis naSTebis

Semcveli, Tixis WurWeli. zogan TiTo

samarxSi 20 aseTi WurWelia daculi.

samarxeuli masala warmodgenilia

satevrebiTa da isris pirebiT, sardionis

aqatisa da miniseburi pastis aseulobiT

mZiviT. samarovans, rogorc Cans, ramdenime

aseuli wlis ganmavlobaSi uwyvetad

iyenebdnen.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 145

These bronze decorations likely were worn onthe chest and may have been designed torepresent snakes.

brinjaos am samkauls, romelzedac, savaraudod, gvelebia gamosaxuli, albaT mkerdze atarebdnen

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor146

The Tovuzchai graves were of two general types: shallow ones covered by rounded river stones, and deeper earthen ones. There is no clear pattern with respect to grave depth and composition of the items placed in them; some burial chambers were large but modestly furnished, while others were small but filled with rich arrays of burial items. In some, the skeletal remains were disarticulated; in others, the individuals were buried with animals. the head of the skeleton in one grave rested on a number of polished and painted ceramic plates and pots. This arrangement may reflect specific spiritual or religious beliefs. A bronze bracelet, bronze earring, and seashell and agate beads were found on or near the skeleton.

Several large storage vessels found in the nearby village may have been part of the same complex as Tovuzchai necropolis. Archaeological material recovered from the Tovuzchai necropolis indicates that a settlement had existed near this site for six or seven centuries.

TovuzCais samarovanze samarxebis ori

tipi gamoiyofa. pirveli Rrma ar aris da

riyis qviTaa SemosazRvruli, meore ki Rrma

ormosamarxebia. maT Soris socialuri

gansxvaveba ar Cans, radgan zogierT

did samarxSi ar iyo bevri masala,

xolo ramdenime momcro zomis samarxSi

mdidruli inventaria. zogierT samarxSi

ConCxebi danawevrebulia, sxvagan ki

cxovelebi adamianebTan erTad daumarxavT.

erT samarxSi micvalebuls Tavi ramdenime

moxatulsa da naprialeb WurWelze edo. es

wesi, rogorc Cans, religiur warmodgenebs

asaxavs. aq aRmoCnda brinjaos samajuri,

zRvis niJara da aqatis mZivebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom gaTxrebisas

namosaxlari ar aRmoCenila, unda

vivaraudoT, rom igi axlos mdebareobda.

am namosaxlaris nawili unda iyos

Zeglis maxloblad, erTi kilometris

manZilze aRmoCenili didi qvevrebi.

TovuzCais samarovnis masala gviCvenebs,

rom dasaxlebas 6-7 saukunis ganmavlobaSi

unda earseba.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 147

Bronze adornment, found at Zayamchai that datesto the Bronze age. 5cm x 5.5cm.

zaiamCais samarovanze aRmoCenili es brinjaos samkauli brinjaos xaniT TariRdeba (zomebi 5X5,5sm).

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor148

The head of the deceased in this grave waspositioned on top of several ceramic serving andstorage vessels, in the Tovuzchai necropolis.Carnelian beads were found below the jaw.

TovuzCais samarovnis am samarxSi micvalebuls Tavi ramdenime WurWelze edo. ybisAqveS aRmoCnda sardionis mZivebi.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 149

This highly decorated vessel found from theZayamchai necropolis was a churn and usedto produce butter from milk. Similar vessels arestill used in parts of Azerbaijan today to producehomemade butter.

es ornamentirebili WurWeli zaiamCais samarovnidan sadRvebeli iyo da mas karaqis misaRebad xmarobdnen. aseTive WurWels iyeneben Tamnamedrove azerbaijanSi Sinauri karaqis asadRvebad.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor150

The Hasansu Kurgan

the remains of a kurgan found near hasansu in western Azerbaijan reflect Middle Bronze Age cultures in the region. the kurgan is similar to those of the Tazakand and Trialeti cultures that spanned Azerbaijan and Georgia from approximately 2,200 to 1,700 BC. It is notable for the fascinating orientation of 71 pottery vessels, adjacent to a deceased juvenile, arranged in distinct parallel lines along two walls inside an excavated kurgan. The shoulders of many of the pots were decorated with etched bands of chevrons and other formal designs. A scattering of domestic animal bones may be from food provided for the deceased in the afterlife. Skulls and leg bones of bulls had been placed in two corners of the burial chamber, a deliberate arrangement

This photograph demonstrates the upright positioning and semi-symmetrical arrangement of the pottery vessels uncovered.

es foto gviCvenebs, Tu rogor iyo gamwkrivebuli Tixis WurWeli hasansus yorRanis dasakrZalavi kameris kedlebTan.

hasansus KyorRani

dasavleT azerbaijanSi, hasansus

maxloblad, aRmoCenili yorRani

Suabrinjaos xaniT TariRdeba. igi

tazakendisa da TrialeTis kulturebis

(azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos

Suabrinjaos xanis kulturebi, 2700-1700 Zv.

ww.) nimuSia. sayuradReboa aq mopovebuli

Tixis 71 WurWeli, romlebic yorRanis

kedlebis paraleluradaa Camwkrivebuli.

maTi nawili SevronebiTa da sxva

ornamentiTaa Semkuli. aq aRmoCenili

Sinauri cxovelebis Zvlebi micvalebuls

im qveyanaSi unda gamodgomoda. xaris Tav-

fexi dasakrZalavi kameris oTxive kuTxeSi

ido, rasac, savaraudod, xarebSebmuli

urmis STabeWdileba unda Seeqmna. aqvea

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 151

perhaps intended to represent a bull-drawn chariot or cart. Other finds included bronze pins, baskets, and perforated beads. Several kurgans excavated at hasansu are similar to others discovered in the 1980s in the Shamkir region of western Azerbaijan.

the discovery of this kurgan in the aGt pipelines corridor illustrates the burial practices of the Middle Bronze Age, which had previously been poorly documented in this area. Some archaeologists view the introduction of burials in the style of hansansu to this region as evidence of foreign populations moving into the region, or of an internal evolution in burial practices.

Seventy-one ceramic vessels from the Hansansukurgan highlight the technical skill of potters duringthe Middle Bronze Age in the South Caucasus. Some of the vessels may have been manufactured specifically for use in this burial.

hasansus yorRanSi mopovebuli Tixis 71 WurWeli Suabrinjaos xanis kavkasieli meTuneebis maRal ostatobaze migviTiTebs. zogierTi WurWeli am samarxisaTvis unda damzadebuliyo.

Rows of pottery vessels lined both sides of theburial chamber in the Hasansu kurgan. Theexcavators speculate that the pattern seen in thecenter of the chamber might have been a symbolicrepresentation of a cart pulled by oxen or bulls.

es foto gviCvenebs, Tu rogor iyo gamwkrivebuli Tixis WurWeli hasansus yorRanis dasakrZalavi kameris kedlebTan. Zeglis gamTxrelebi varaudoben, rom aq aRmoCenili xaris Tavi xarebSebmuli urmis simbolo iyo.

mopovebuli brinjaos sakinZebi da mZivebi.

hasansuSi gaTxrili ramdenime yorRani

dasavleT azerbaijanSi, Samqoris raionSi

1980 wels aRmoCenili yorRanebis msgavsia

mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT, aseTi

yorRanebi regionSi ucxotomelTa

Semosvlaze, an dakrZalvis wesis

adgilobriv ganviTarebaze migviTiTebs.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor152

Georgia

Saphar-Kharaba archaeologists found more than 100 burial chambers encircled by basalt at the Saphar-Kharaba necropolis in the historic region of trialeti (Tsalka District) of southern Georgia. Analysis suggests that the site was used in the 15th-mid-14th centuries BC. With only a few exceptions, the rectangular graves were uniform. each contained skeletons in crouched positions oriented north to south, a pattern that indicates well-established funerary practices. the graves also contained several distinctive artifacts. For example, a cylindrical seal depicting a figure kneeling at an altar with a rod in its hand is a common motif of the Mittani or hurrian art that was widespread in the Levant and Mesopotamia. Other objects include bronze daggers and surgical scalpels of a type not common elsewhere in the Caucasus.

One of the graves contained a poorly preserved wooden cart with the remains of an axle, wheel, and yoke. two clay vessels were positioned on what remained of the cart’s bed. Under these vessels, human remains were found.

The triangular bronze blade of this Near Easterntype of dagger, found at the Saphar-Kharaba site,has low ridges along both sides and is set withfluted frame lines. Both sides of the shaft hadresidue from wood plates. This type of dagger wascommon in the Transcaucasus in the 15th-14thcenturies BC.

safar-xarabaSi aRmoCeniliEes samkuTxapiriani satevari axloaRmosavluri tipisaa. taris orive mxareze xis kvalia SemorCenili. aseTi satevrebi kavkasiaSi Zv.w. XV-XVII saukuneebSi gvxvdeba.

saqarTvelo

safar-xaraba

TrialeTSi, safar-xarabas samarovanze,

arqeologebma 100-ze meti samarxi

Seiswavles. Zegli Zv.w. XV saukuniTa

da XVI saukunis SuaxanebiT TariRdeba.

samarxebi, mcire gamonaklisis garda,

oTxkuTxa formisa iyo. adamianebi

imdroindeli dakrZalvis wesis mixedviT

iwvnen gverdze, xelfexmokecilad,

CrdiloeT–samxreTis RerZze. samarxebSi

mniSvnelovani artefaqtebi aRmoCnda.

aRsaniSnavia cilindruli sabeWdavi,

romelzedac sakurTxevlis win

daCoqili adamiania gamosaxuli. es nivTi

axlo paralelebs poulobs miTanur,

agreTve levantursa da mesopotamiur

xelovnebasTan. samarovanze gvxvdeba

rogorc adgilobrivi warmoSobis, ise

Semotanili nivTebic.

erT samarxSi aRmoCenilia cudad

SemorCenili urmis uRlisa da RerZ-

borblis nawilebi. masze Tixis ori

WurWeli ido. WurWlis qveS adamianis

Zvlebi aRmoCnda.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 153

Unfortunately, archaeologists did not discover this grave until after the pipeline construction had disturbed much of the contents, making it difficult to reconstruct this particular burial.

a skeleton of a man believed to have been 40-50-years-old has particular significance because samples of fabric were attached to it that provided clues to the type of fabrics produced in Georgia during this period. the samples were linen, cotton, and wool dyed with pigments that at the time could only have been extracted from mollusks along the Mediterranean coast. Because the raw dye was highly perishable, these textiles must have been produced and dyed near the Mediterranean before they were imported into the Caucasus. this suggests connections between the South Caucasus and surrounding regions, and perhaps the presence of early trade networks.

samwuxarod, samarxi mxolod samSeneblo

samuSaoebisas, misi dazianebis Semdeg

gamovlinda, ramac misi mTliani

rekonstruqcia gaaZnela.

samarxSi dakrZaluliMmamakaci 40-50

wlisa unda yofiliyo. samarovnis masala

mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom aq aRmoCenili

selis, bambisa da Salis qsovilebis

SesaRebavad unda gamoeyenebinaT pigmentebi,

romlebic xmelTaSua zRvis moluskebisagan

mzaddeboda. saRebavi advilad fuWdeboda

da misi transportireba gaZnelebuli

iqneboda, amitom, savaraudoa, rom qsovilebi

xmelTaSua zRvispireTidanaa Semotanili,

rac samxreT kavkasiasa da gare samyaros

Soris arsebul savaWro urTierTobebze

metyvelebs.

am grafikul tabulaze samarxSi aRmoCenili 2,1 metris sigrZisa da 1,1 metris siganis etlis naxatia. aseTi etlebi gvianbrinjaos xanisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. etlze, savaraudod, ori WurWeli ido.

This sketch illustrates the remains of an ox-drawn cart, measuring 2.1 meters long and 1.1 meters at the widest point, found in one grave. The cart’s triangular shape was common during the later Bronze Age. At least two ceramic vessels were placed on or with the cart.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor154

This sketch shows the configuration of a typical burial, which generally contained several clay vessels placed behind the head of the deceased and weapons placed in front. Bronze pins were frequently found near the neck, beads and pendants in the chest area, and cornelian beads on the wrists and feet.

am grafikul tabulaze tipuri samarxia gamosaxuli. igi Seicavs micvalebulis TavTan dawyobil Tixis ramdenime WurWelsa da brinjaos iaraRs. sakinZebi, mZivebi da sakidebi micvalebulis gul-mkerdisa da xelebis areSia aRmoCenili.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 155

This cylindrical seal, believed to have originated in the Hurrian Kingdom of Mittani in northern Mesopotamia, depicts a man kneeling and possibly holding a staff and a goat. Seals such as this were common in Mesopotamia and were sometimes used to officially mark clay records.

es cilindruli sabeWdavi miTanuri (Crdilo mesopotamia) warmoSobisa unda iyos. masze gamosaxulia sakurTxevlis win muxlmodrekili adamiani, romelsac kverTxi uWiravs. aseTi sabeWdavebi mesopotamiaSiac gvxvdeba.

Past and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor156

Klde

The Klde settlement is situated on a terraced slope at the confluence of the Mtkvari and Potskhovai rivers near the turkish border in southwestern Georgia, along a major trade route that once linked the South Caucasus and eastern anatolia. the site, encompassing a large multi-layer settlement and a cemetery, extends over 3,486 square meters and includes structures, graves, and storage pits. The excavations yielded excellent and extensive cultural material from the first millennium AD. The settlement appears to have been destroyed by fire and rebuilt several times. The last fire in the 7th century AD, possibly during the campaign of Byzantine Emperor Flavius Heraclius or during an arab invasion, led to the abandonment of the site. The structures excavated during the pipeline project appear to have been domestic and were constructed from stone with tile roofs. all the dwellings possessed hearths for cooking, generally located either in the center or corner of the structure. The settlement’s layout leads archaeologists to believe that the structures also had a defensive purpose. Several stone sling bullets of different shapes and sizes may have been a means of defense against attackers.

klde

arqeologiuri Zegli, romelic kldis

namosaxlaris saxeliTaa cnobili,

mdebareobs samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTveloSi, istoriul provincia

samcxeSi, TurqeTis sazRvris maxloblad,

mdinareebis - mtkvrisa da focxovis

SesarTavTan, samxreT kavkasiisa da

anatoliis damakavSirebeli gzis piras.

arqeologiuri Zegli, romelic moicavs

mravalfenian samarovansa da namosaxlars,

3486 m2-is farTobzea gavrcelebuli. aq

warmodgenilia nagebobebi, samarxebi da

sameurneo ormoebi. gaTxrebma ax.w. I

aTaswleulis saintereso da mniSvnelovani

masala mogvca. dasaxleba, rogorc

Cans, ramdenjerme gaanadgura xanZarma.

ukanaskneli xanZari VII saukuneSi

momxdara, savaraudod, bizantiis imperator

herakles an arabTa Semosevisas, ris

Semdegac dasaxleba gaukacrielda. aq

aRmoCenili nagebobebi saxlebia. isini

qviTaa aSenebuli, zogierTi maTgani

ki kramitiT iyo gadaxuruli. yvela

saxlSi, oTaxis centrSi an kedelTan

gamarTuli iyo kera. arqeologTa azriT,

zogierT nagebobas TavdacviTi funqcia

hqonda. Zeglze aRmoCenili, sxvadasxva

zomis qvis Wurvebi, SesaZloa, TavdacviTi

funqciisaTvisac gamoiyeneboda.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 157

The clothing worn by the figure on this small altarfound at the Klde site exhibits Parthian influences,including long sleeves and a wide knee-length skirt.The raised right hand suggests a gesture ofadoration to gods and kings commonly found onParthian rock reliefs.

kldeSi aRmoCenil Tixis patara sakurTxevelze gamosaxul figuras grZelsaxeloebiani, muxlebamde daSvebuli parTuli samosi mosavs. misi zeapyrobili xeli ki RmerTebisa da mefeebis gandidebis parTul scenebs waagavs.

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Interment at some of the burial sites at Klde, which were concentrated in three separate areas, occurred in stone-lined pit graves, some of them edged with stone, while others were in wine jars. Many of the skeletons were lying on their backs, but others were on their sides in crouched positions. These differences mean the burials took place in at least three cultural periods and may reflect broad religious and other cultural changes over time. Indeed, in the region under the Kartli (Iberia) Kingdom, differences between pre-Christian and Christian funerary cultures shed light on the shift to Christianity, with some graves manifesting both Christian and pre-Christian funerary traditions.

A particularly interesting find at the Klde site, dating to the 3rd-4th centuries AD, is a platform that contained 15 ritual vessels along with human bones. however, a clay altar in a corner suggests that the site was a place of cult worship rather than a burial site. the altar bears both roman and Persian reliefs. The right hand of one figure is raised in a way similar to a gesture of adoration of kings and gods found in the parthian artistic tradition. Burned areas on the altar, along with the decorative motifs, suggest traditions associated with Zoroastrian altars.

kldeSi aRmoCenili samarxebi sam ubanzea

gadanawilebuli. gvxvdeba qvasamarxebi,

ormosamarxebi da qvevrsamarxebi. zogierTi

micvalebuli zurgze iyo dakrZaluli,

sxvebi _ gverdze, xelfexmokecilad.

dakrZalvis ritualSi arsebuli

gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa, am drois

ganmavlobaSi mimdinare did cvlilebebs

davukavSiroT. samcxe qarTlis samefos

nawili iyo da aqac kargadaa asaxuli

qristianobamdeli da qristianuli xanis

dakrZalvis ritualis Taviseburebebi.

sainteresoa is samarxebi, sadac

dakrZalvis orive wesia dadasturebuli.

Zalze sayuradReboa arqeologiur Zeglze

aRmoCenili III-IV saukuneebis moedani,

romelzec 15 ritualuri WurWelia

dafiqsirebuli. aq mikvleuli mcire zomis

Tixis sakurTxeveli romaulsa da parTul

gavlenas atarebs. masze gamosaxul

erT figuras parTuli xelovnebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi aqvs. misi dekori

zoroastrul sakurTxevlebze gamosaxuli

Semkulobis msgavsia.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 159

This bronze deer amulet reflects the relationship ofLate Classical and Early Christian Georgian societywith the natural world.

brinjaos es sakidi, romelic irmis gamosaxulebas warmoadgens, gvianantikuri da adreqristianuli sazogadoebis bunebasTan damokidebulebas asaxavs.

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the site contained other interesting artifacts, such as a roman lamp and a parthian silver drachma (coin) of King Gotarzes I. The latter suggests that the Kartli (Iberian) Kingdom was actively involved in Roman-Parthian political and economic relationships connected with the Silk road. a small fragment of red terracotta with animal figures—some standing, others in flight—was among the finds at this site. Finally, three glass intaglios (made of glass or jewels, with carved decorations) probably date to the second half of the 1st century aD, judging by their shapes and styles. all were similar, suggesting they may have been produced in the same workshop.

Zeglze aRmoCenilia araerTi

mniSvnelovani da saintereso nivTi _

magaliTad, romauli Wraqi da vercxlis

parTuli moneta (gotarzes draqma). am

monapovrebidan kargad Cans, rom qarTlis

samefo abreSumis gzasTan dakavSirebul,

romaul-parTul politikursa da

ekonomikur urTierTobebSi iyo CarTuli.

sainteresoa terakotis, wiTeli filis

fragmenti, romelzedac cxovelebia

gamosaxuli. minis sami intalio (qvis an

minis Tvalze amokveTili gamosaxuleba),

stilis mixedviT, savaraudod, albaT, erT

saxelosnoSia damzadebuli.

This ring set with a carnelian stone illustrates thecontinued use of carnelian for personal decoration,a practice that extended from the Bronze Age intothe Middle Ages. Of 11 rings found at the Kldeburial site, two are Sassanian, eight are Roman,and one bears Christian symbols.

sardions samkaulad brinjaos xanidan iyenebdnen. kldes samarovanze aRmoCenilia sardionis Tvliani 11 beWedi; maTgan ori sasanuria, rva - romauli, erTze ki qristianuli simboloebia gamosaxuli.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 161

Excavations of this grave at the Klde site revealeda pair of ceramic vessels and simple bronze hoopearring. Burials from the site are associated withboth pre-Christian and early Christian societies.

kldeSi gaTxrili am samarxSi Tixis ori WurWeli da brinjaos rgolia mopovebuli. arqeologiur Zeglze aRmoCenili samarxebis nawili qristianulia, nawili - warmarTuli.

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Orchosani the archaeological site near the Orchosani village, located in the akhaltsikhe region of southernGeorgia (historically referred to as Samtskhe), is an excellent example of one of Georgia’s longest continuously inhabited sites. It seems to have been in use since the Lower palaeolithic Auchelian period. Surface finds include tools made of andesite and basalt (hand axes, scrapers and flakes). Its history spans from at least the Early Bronze Age (perhaps as early as the 4th millennium BC) right up to the early 17th century AD, when the settlement suffered a violent end. Only three structures remain: one from the Bronze Age Kura-Araxes culture, and two from the Medieval period. aerial views reveal a large fortified wall around the village dating to the Early Medieval period.

The 4th-3rd millennium BC was a vibrant time at the Orchosani settlement, which seems to have gone through three distinct cultural phases. the first, that of an early agricultural society, left behind only fragments of pottery, black or grey in color, similar to vessel types discovered at cave settlements in western Georgia. The Kura-Araxes culture came next, around 3,500 BC, with its distinct mud brick homes, elaborately polished black exterior and red interior pottery, and blend of agriculture and pastoralism. Orchosani yielded many artifacts in the Kura-Araxes style, including an anthropomorphic terracotta figurine. Little is known of the third culture to inhabit the site, the Bedeni. Jewelry and other metallic objects from this and earlier periods of the Bronze Age were probably imported from anatolia, as evidenced by a bronze mattock that with a higher ratio of nickel than is found in Georgia.

orWosani

samxreT saqarTveloSi, axalcixis

raionSi, istoriul provincia samcxeSi,

sofel orWosanTan aRmoCenili

mravalfeniani arqeologiuri Zegli

erT adgilze xangrZlivi da uwyveti

cxovrebis mniSvnelovani magaliTia.

am adgilze adamiani jer kidev qveda

paleoliTis, aSelur, xanaSi saxlobda,

rac aq akrefilma zedapirulma

masalam (qvis xelculebi, safxekebi

da saxokebi) daadastura. am adgilas

cxovreba adrebrinjaos xanaSi ganaxlda

(savaraudod, Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi) da

mcire pauzebiT XVII saukunemde, soflis

ganadgurebamde grZeldeboda. milsadenebis

arealSi Seswavlilia sami nageboba: erTi

mtvar-araqsis kulturas ekuTvnis, ori ki

- Sua saukuneebisaa. aerofotoebze kargad

Cans, rom sofels Sua saukuneebSi galavani

hqonda Semortymuli.

orWosanis dasaxlebaze, Zv.w. IV-III

aTaswleulebis fenebSi sami kulturuli

periodia dafiqsirebuli. pirveli,

adresamiwaTmoqmedo sazogadoebaa,

romelmac dasavleT saqarTvelos

amave periodis Zeglebze mopovebuli

keramikis msgavsi, ruxi da Savi feris

WurWlis fragmentebi Semoinaxa. amas

mohyveba mtkvar-araqsuli fena, romelsac

Savad naprialebi zedapiri da wiTeli

Sidapiri aqvs. am periods ganviTarebuli

mesaqonleoba da miwaTmoqmedeba

axasiaTebs. orWosanis mtkvar-araqsulma

fenam mravali saintereso artefaqti

Semoinaxa: maT Soris aRsaniSnavia

terakotis anTropomorfuli figura.

Semdgomi fena bedenis kulturis periods

emTxveva. Zeglze mopovebuli samkauli da

iaraRis nawili anatoliuri warmoSobisa

unda iyos. magaliTad, brinjaos Toxis

qimiur SemadgenlobaSi ufro meti

nikelia, vidre saqarTvelos teritoriaze

mopovebul brinjaos nivTebSi.

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This silver cross-dating to the 6th or 7th century ADis the first of its kind to be found in eastern Georgia.

vercxlis es jvari VI-VII saukuneebisaa da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mopovebul adreul jvarTagan erT-erTi pirvelia.

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although the Orchosani cemetery produced few artifacts, the surrounding settlement yielded objects spanning many time periods. the most stunning were the large 500-600 liter wine storage jars known as pithoi (a Greek term describing large storage jars of a particular shape) dating to the 12th century aD. Stone, metal, and bone objects that served a variety of purposes, from culinary to military, were also recovered. religious art from many eras was well-represented in the form of statuettes, inscriptions, and jewelry.

the impressive materials discovered at this site are all the more remarkable considering that Orchosani was completely destroyed twice. the first time was in the 10th century AD, most likely during the Seljuk turk invasions of Georgia. Orchosani was again destroyed in the 17th century AD during the Ottoman expansion of the area, causing its final demise.

This fired red ceramic drinking vessel, dating to the1st-3rd centuries AD, was found inside a pit burialnext to the deceased.

wiTlad gamomwvari I-III saukuneebis es sasmisi ormosamarxSi, micvalebulis gverdze ido.

orWosanis samarovanze arcTu

bevri artefaqtia mopovebuli,

magram namosaxlarze mravali nivTia

aRmoCenili. sainteresoa Tixis 500-

600 litriani qvevrebi, romlebic XII

saukuniT TariRdeba. Zeglze sxvadasxva

daniSnulebisa (sameurneo, sabrZolo da

sxv.) da masalis (qvis, liTonis, Zvlis)

nivTebia aRmoCenili. mcire zomis

qandakebebi, samkauli da ramdenime warwera

sxvadasxva drois religiur warmodgenebs

asaxavs.

orWosnis namosaxlari Sua saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi orjeraa ganadgurebuli.

pirveli ngreva, rogorc Cans, seljukTa

Tavdasxmas ukavSirdeba da X saukuniT

TariRdeba. meore ki - samcxeSi otomanTa

dapyrobebis Sedegi unda iyos da igi XVII

saukuneSi unda momxdariyo.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 165

Molded terracotta figurines like this one were usedin religious practices during the second half of the3rd millennium BC.

terakotis aseTi figurebi Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi, savaraudod, religiuri miznebisaTvis mzaddeboda.

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turkey

Güllüdere Located in the commercially vital region known as the Erzurum Plain in Turkey, Güllüdere reveals two distinct periods of habitation. the first, dating from the Iron Age (900-300 BC), provides evidence (especially similarities in pottery styles) that the inhabitants had cultural and commercial connections with the nearby sites of tetikom and tasmasor. the second period occurred during the early Medieval period. Findings from both habitation periods include multiple structural foundations, indicating a settlement and a cemetery either nearby or inside the settlement boundary. the burial practices observed at this cemetery allow archaeologists to link Güllüdere to well-established surrounding settlements in eastern anatolia.

Of the 44 graves excavated at Güllüdere, 10 were definitively Iron age. the deceased were buried in two distinct manners, the more elaborate of which involved placing the remains in a large ceramic or terracotta jar. While the exact reasons for this practice have not been determined, it is similar to the burial styles at neighboring sites, indicating a religious link. Following the normal pattern for jar burials in this region, grave goods accompanied the bodies. those from the Iron age are believed to have consisted only of the deceased’s personal belongings. (The burial sites at Tetikom or tasmasor included elaborate gifts, whose absence at Güllüdere could be the result of grave robbing rather than different spiritual practices.) Despite the general absence of grave goods in the Güllüdere cemetery, archaeologists discovered some stone, ceramic, and metallic objects. A few were well-preserved, such as a stone seal depicting a horse, a symbolically important animal in eastern anatolia.

TurqeTi

guludere

TurqeTSi, ekonomikurad mniSvnelovan

erzerumis vakeze mdebare guluderes

namosaxlarze, Cans, rom dasaxleba or

sxvadasxva periodSi arsebobda. pirveli,

rkinis xaniT (Zv.w. 900-600) TariRdeba da

axlomdebare tetikonisa da Tamasoris

dasaxlebasTan mWidro urTierTobas

adasturebs. meore dasaxleba adre Sua

saukuneebSi funqcionirebda. orive

periodis fenebi sxvadasxva nagebobis

naSTebsa da samarovans Seicavs. samarxebSi

aRmoCenili artefaqtebi aRmosavleT

anatoliis masalasTan avlens paralelebs.

guluderes samarovanze Seswavlili

44 samarxidan 10 rkinis xanisaa. aq

dakrZalvis ori wesi dafiqsirda.

Uumeteswilad, adamianis naSTebi Tixis

did WurWelSi Tavsdeboda. dakrZalvis

am wesis axsna aqamde ar mogvepoveba da

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom maxlobel

Zeglebzedac aseTive ritualia

dafiqsirebuli, igi religiur rwmenasTan

unda davakavSiroT. am samarxebSi, ise,

rogorc regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

qvevrsamarxebSi, micvalebulebs Tan

sxvadasxva nivTs atandnen (guluderes

samarovanis masalisagan gansxvavebiT,

Tamasorisa da telikonis samarxebSi

mdidruli inventaria). miuxedavad imisa,

rom guluderes samarovanze cotaa

samarxeuli inventari, rac Zarcvis Sedegi

unda iyos, arqeologebma mainc moipoves

qvis, Tixisa da liTonis nivTebi. zogierTi

nivTi kargadaa Semonaxuli, magaliTad, qvis

sabeWdavi, romelzec cxenia gamosaxuli.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 167

A Medieval Period grave stone with a clover-decoratedcross was unearthed at Güllüdere.

Sua saukuneebis samarxis qvaze, guludereSi, jvris gamosaxulebaa amokveTili.

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these jar burials most commonly involved children. While adults were buried this way to a lesser extent, no evidence of this was discovered at the Güllüdere cemetery. The more common practice for adults was a simple soil burial, with the deceased placed on one side in a crouching, fetal position. Notably, all but one Iron age burial site was situated with a north-south orientation, providing more evidence that the residents of Güllüdere at this time had an organized belief system and specific understanding of an afterlife.

It was difficult to analyze Güllüdere’s habitation during the Medieval period. the foundations of a few hellenistic structures were discovered but were so damaged that meaningful conclusions were impossible to draw. the graves from this period yielded even less information than those from the Iron age. a few Christian tombstones were, however, found at the site, implying thatByzantine Christian influences were present at the time of the burials.

qvevrsamarxebSi, rogorc wesi, bavSvebi

iyvnen dakrZaluli. marTalia,

qvevrsamarxebSi mozrdilebsac marxavdnen,

magram maTTvis ufro ormosamarxebia

damaxasiaTebeli. ormosamarxebSi

micvalebulebi gverdze, xelfexmokecilad,

embrionis msgavs mdgomareobaSi iwvnen.

erTi micvalebulis garda, rkinis

xanis yvela micvalebuli samxreTidan

CrdiloeTisaken iyo damxrobili, rac

rkinis xanaSi guluderes mosaxleobis

Camoyalibebul religiur rwmena-

warmodgenebze migvaniSnebs.

Znelia vimsjeloT guluderes Sua

saukuneebis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb.

marTalia, aq elinisturi xanis ramdenime

nagebobis saZirkveli aRmoCnda, magram

isini imdenad dazianebulia, rom

praqtikulad, informacias ar iZleva.

Sua saukuneebis samarxebma rkinis xanis

samarxTa monapovarTan SedarebiT mcire

masala mogvca. ramdenime qristianuli

saflavis qvis aRmoCenam daadastura, rom

aq bizantiuri gavlena Zlieri iyo.

This stone seal depicting a horse was found onthe chest of a skeleton in an Iron Age grave inGüllüdere. A hole on the reverse side could havebeen used to suspend the stone.

es qvis sabeWdavi, romelzedac cxenia gamosaxuli, guludereSi, rkinis xanis samarxSi micvalebulis mkerdze aRmoCnda. sabeWdavis meore mxares datanili xvreli mis dasamagreblad iyo gakeTebuli.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 169

This drawing shows a utilitarian Medieval terracottajug with a folded mouth and incised decorationsaround its shoulder. It was thrown on a potterswheel and then burnished or polished.

naxatze gamosaxulia Sua saukuneebis, morgvze damzadebuli da terakotis gaprialebuli WurWeli, romelsac ornamentirebuli mxari aqvs.

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This site plan depicts a large Iron Age complex ofdomestic structures, with associated courtyards.There is at least one hearth and one burial site inthe complex. Excavators concluded that thestructures’ walls were probably made of stone,given the apparent absence of mud brick.

Zeglis es gegma rkinis xanis nagebobebis kompleqsia. kompleqsSi erTi Rumeli da erTi samarxicaa. gaTxrebis Sedegad damtkicda, rom Senobebi qviTaa nagebi da alizi mSeneblebs ar gamouyenebiaT.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 171

This fragment of a terracotta handle has beeninterpreted as the head of an eagle. Believed todate from the Iron Age, it was part of either afree-standing figurine or a ceramic vessel.

terakotis saxeluris es fragmenti arwivis Tavis gamosaxuleba unda iyos. igi rkinis xanisaa da WurWlis an raime figuris nawili unda iyos.

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Ziyaretsuyu the romans were famous for their paved roads and intricate trade systems, concepts that seem elementary today but were truly innovative 2000 years ago. the roads were crucial to rome’s military efficiency and commercial prosperity. In 2003, at the Ziyaretsuyu settlement, which was along one such roman road in what is now the Sivas province of central turkey, a team from Gazi University unearthed two distinct and likely related structures. the sheer abundance of ceramics recovered from the two buildings suggests that the team uncovered only a fraction of what is likely a larger settlement. While the poor condition of the buildings’ structures suggests that the people who lived within them were not wealthy, the site was probably densely populated.

although archaeologists date the site primarily to the roman period, there is evidence it was active slightly earlier, in the 2nd century BC. architectural and ceramic elements there display some hellenistic characteristics, and a coin found in the same cultural stratigraphic layer as the excavated buildings and dated from between 105 BC and 70 BC portrays the image of Hercules. Unfortunately, the coin was so damaged that vital information such as the location of the mint was not recoverable. the coin also indicates that Ziyaretsuyu was a place of commerce linked to roman and Greek societies. If so, why were there so few architectural and metallic remnants? historians suggest that the answer lies in the geographical position of the settlement.

This terracotta statuette of a woman is characteristicof Hellenistic figurines in the region. The womanappears to be wearing a cloak over her left shoulder,a common fashion for married women.

terakotisagan damzadebuli es qandakeba elinisturi kulturis gavleniTaa Seqmnili. mas marcxena mxarze gadakidebuli mosasxami aqvs mocmuli, rac gaTxovili qalisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.

ziareTsuiu

romaelebi ganTqmulni iyvnen

mokirwyluli gzebiTa da ganviTarebuli

savaWro sistemiT, Erac dReisaTvis

gasakviri araa, magram 2000 wlis win es

didi siaxle iyo. gzebi romaelTaTvis

rogorc samxedro, ise ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesi iyo. 2003

wels centralur TurqeTSi, romauli

gzis maxloblad mdebare ziareTsuius

namosaxlarze, gazis universitetis

eqspediciam ori erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli nageboba Seiswavla. aq

mopovebuli keramikuli masala miuTiTebs,

rom eqspediciam Zeglis mxolod mcire

nawili Seiswavla. aq mcxovrebi xalxi

mdidari ar iyo, Tumca dasaxleba sakmaod

mWidro aRmoCnda.

marTalia, Zegli romauli xaniT TariRdeba,

magram zogierTi detali migvaniSnebs,

rom aq cxovreba Zv.w. II saukuneSi daiwyo.

keramika da arqiteqturuli detalebi

elinistur elementebze migvaniSnebs,

xolo amave fenaSi mopovebuli herakles

gamosaxulebiani moneta Zv.w. 105-70

wlebiT TariRdeba. samwuxarod, moneta

iseTi dazianebuli iyo, rom misi moWris

adgili ver gairkva. monetaze dayrdnobiT

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ziareTsuiu

savaWro adgili da berZnul-romauli

samyaros nawili iyo. Tuki es asea,

maSin ratomaa aq ase mcire raodenobis

arqiteqturuli detalebi da liTonis

nivTebi? istorikosebis azriT, es Zeglis

mdebareobiTaa ganpirobebuli.

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This display shows a sample of the diverse potterytypes found at Ziyaretsuyu. The sheer volume andvariety of the ceramic vessels suggest a denselypopulated settlement along a trade route.

am suraTze ziareTsuiuSi mopovebuli sxvadasxva tipis Tixis WurWelia warmodgenili. WurWlis simravle da mravalferovneba mWidro dasaxlebasa da savaWro gzasTan siaxloveze miuTiTebs.

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A few ceramic vessels discovered at Ziyaretsuyuwere decorated with the ivy heart-shaped motif areshown here. This rare style is a remnant of an IronAge ceramic tradition that persisted into the RomanPeriod in some areas.

ziareTsuiuSi mopovebuli Tixis zogierTi WurWeli gulis formis suros ornamentiTaa Semkuli. es motivi rkinis xanidanaa SemorCenili da romauli xanis keramikaSic iCens Tavs.

Ziyaretsuyu was situated in a region neighboring the highland Galatians to the west and Cappadocians to the south. Consistent pillaging by these advanced societies likely affected the residents of Ziyaretsuyu and could explain the scarcity of prestige items, such as jewelry and other metallic objects, along with construction styles consistent with a simple seasonal (hence poor) settlement. With warfare continuously destroying their structures, the residents might have had less incentive or economic ability to rebuild lavish homes. these theories are, however, speculative, and will surely benefit from additional research and excavation at Ziyaretsuyu and related sites.

ziareTsuiu dasavleTiT galaTielebiT

dasaxlebuli mTebis maxloblad,

samxreTiT ki kapadokielebis teritoriis

siaxloves mdebareobda. am ganviTarebuli

sazogadoebebis mier dasaxlebis

xSir Zarcvas Sedegad unda gamoewvia

ziareTsuius mosaxleobis gaRaribeba da

aq fufunebis sagnebis (samkaulisa da

liTonis sxva nivTebis) ararseboba. amave

dros, Sendeboda droebiTi (e. i. Raribuli)

Senobebi. dausrulebeli brZolebis Sedegi

ngreva da axali nagebobebis asaSeneblad

saxsrebis uqonloba unda yofiliyo.

es mxolod Teoriaa, pasuxi ki Zeglis

damatebiTma Seswavlam unda mogvces.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 175

Note the eagle head tips on this bronze object,possibly a broken handle from a metallic vessel.The lower portion of the object (not seen in thisimage) displays the face of a helmeted soldier.

brinjaos WurWlis gatexil saxelurze arwivis Tavia gamosaxuli. nivTis qveda nawilze (fotoze ar Cans) muzaradiani jariskacis gamosaxulebaa.

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Yüceören

The necropolis of chamber tombs at Yüceören, turkey, dating from the hellenistic and roman periods (approximately 3rd century BC to 4th century AD), is located near Ceyhan, not far from the Mediterranean terminus of the pipelines. Excavated by archaeologists from Gazi University as part of the pipeline project, the chamber tombs reflect considerable investment in the final disposition of the dead. Large spaces were cut into the bedrock, there were passageways, often with steps, and stone doors closed off the burial chambers. the chambers in most cases contained one or more niches to hold the dead. It appears that the deceased were often placed in coffin-like terracotta sarcophagi. The discovery of an antechamber with the disturbed remains of nearly two dozen people suggests that, over the long history of use of the tombs, individuals’ remains were moved in order to reuse the burial niches. this antechamber appeared to be the only one of the 16 excavated tombs that had not been robbed in antiquity.

This winged youth depicted on a carnelian stoneset in a ring from the 1st century AD is Eros, theRoman Cupid and son of Aphrodite. Eros wasassociated with love, lust, and fertility.

ax.w. I saukunis beWdis sardionis Tvalze amokveTili es frTosani ymawvili erosia (romauli kupidoni). igi afrodites Svilia da siyvarulis, vnebisa da nayofierebis RvTaebad iTvleboda.

ieqeioreni

TurqeTSi, xmelTaSuazRvispira

jeihanis navTobterminalis maxloblad,

ieqeiorenSi aRmoCenili samarovani

elinisturi da romauli xaniT (Zv.w.

III – ax.w. IV saukuneebi) TariRdeba.

gazis universitetis eqspediciam

milsadenebis mSeneblobisas aq

akldamebi gaTxara.Aakldamebis asagebad

dedaqanSi amokveTili yofila didi

zomis farTobi. aqve iyo kibeebiani

gasasvlelebi; dasakrZalav kamerebs ki

qvis karebi hqondaT Sebmuli. kamerebSi,

rogorc wesi, erTi an meti niSa iyo,

romelic micvalebulis dasasveneblad

iyo gankuTvnili. micvalebulebs

Tavdapirvelad awvendnen kubosmagvar,

terakotis sarkofa*gebSi. damatebiTi

kameris Seswavlam gamoavlina or aTeulze

meti, erTmaneTSi areuli, adamianis

Zvlebis naSTebi, rac akldamis xangrZliv

funqcionirebaze migviTiTebs. rogorc

Cans, garkveuli drois Semdeg adamianebis

naSTebi am sivrceSi gadahqondaT da

niSebs axali micvalebulebisaTvis

aTavisuflebdnen. Zeglze Seswavlili 16

akldamaTa Soris mxolod es damatebiTi

kamera iyo gauZarcvavi.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 177

The necropolis at Yüceören is comprised of a seriesof tombs cut into the soft bedrock. In each tomb, aset of steps led down into a burial chamber.

ieqeiorenis samarovani Sedgeba rbil qanSi amokveTili akldamebisagan. TiToeuli akldamis dasakrZalavi kamerisaken kibeebi Cadioda.

The opening to each burial chamber was closed bymassive stones in antiquity. Tomb robbers movedmost of the stones hundreds of years ago.

akldamebi masiuri qviT iyo gadaxuruli. samarxTa mZarcvelebma es qvebi aseulobiT wlis win gadawies.

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This photograph shows a kline, which is a nichecut into the walls of a burial chamber where theremains of individuals were placed, instead of in asarcophagus.

am fotoze naCvenebia akldamis kedlebSi amokveTili dasakrZalavi niSa. aq xdeboda micvalebuliTa sarkofa*gebidan gadmosveneba.

Despite the extensive looting, the team from Gazi University recovered an interesting range of objects. they included coins dating from the Hellenistic Period (late 3rd century BC) to the Roman Imperial Period (early 2nd century AD). the coins may have been placed in the graves to pay for passage into the underworld. Other finds included glass and ceramic unguentaria (jars for oils and lotions), which may have been left in the graves after final treatment of the bodies, and small portable lamps that family members who placed the bodies in the tombs may have left behind. One of two clay figurines depicts a child riding a horse and wearing a headdress of ivy leaves; it may have been made in the turkish city of tarsus during the late 2nd century BC.

Near the Yüceören site, the BTC pipeline bringing oil from the Caspian ends at the Mediterranean coast, the terminus of this massive engineering feat that has transformed the region’s economic landscape, and has contributed so greatly to our understanding of the cultural history of the countries through which the pipeline passes.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Zegli gaZarcvuli

iyo, gazis universitetis eqspediciam

saintereso nivTebis gamovlena

mainc SeZlo. maT Sorisaa monetebi

elinisturi xanidan (Zv.w. III s.) romis

imperiul periodamde (ax.w. II s.).

monetebi micvalebulis im qveyanaSi

gasamgzavreblad aucilebeli atributi

iyo. akldamebSi aRmoCenilia minis

sanelsacxebleebic, romlebsac samarxebSi

micvalebulTa gapatiosnebis Semdeg

tovebdnen, aqve iyo patara Wraqebic,

romlebic cxedris dakrZalvis Semdeg

ojaxis wevrebs unda daetovebinaT.

sainteresoa Tixis ramdenime figura,

romlebic cxenze amxedrebul bavSvs

gamosaxavs. ivaraudeba, rom maT Zv.w. II

saukunis dasasruls qalaq tarsusSi

amzadebdnen.

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadeni,

romlis saSualebiT kaspiis zRvis navTobi

xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiros ukavSirdeba,

ieqeiorenis maxloblad mTavrdeba da

jeihanis terminals uerTdeba. am giganturi

sainJinro nagebobis mSeneblobam regionis

ekonomikuri cxovreba Secvala da didi

wvlili Seitana im qveynebis istoriis

SeswavlaSi, romelTa teritoriazec

navTobsadeni gadis.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 179

This terracotta figurine depicts a child riding a horseand wearing a cape and possibly an ivy garland.The figurine probably dates from the period ofRoman burials at the site, beginning in the 2ndcentury AD.

terakotis am figuraze cxenze amxedrebuli bavSvia gamoxatuli, romelsac Tavze suros gvirgvini adgas. qandakeba ax.w. II saukuniT, samarovanze romaelTa dakrZalvis dawyebis xaniT, TariRdeba.

The remains of a large jar are lifted carefully froman excavation block in Georgia.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili mozrdili WurWeli gaTxrebis adgilidan frTxilad amoaqvT.

The site of Ziyaretsuyu in Sivas Province, Turkey,painstakingly excavated, was one of the sites in thepipeline corridor that yielded important discoveries.

TurqeTSi, sivaSis provinciaSi, ziareTsuius ubanze Catarebulma skrupulozurma gaTxrebma milsadenis mSeneblobis am monakveTze mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebs daudo safuZveli.

St. George’s Church at Tadzrisi Monastery, restoredas part of BP’s cultural heritage program in Georgia, continues to play an important role for worshippers in the local community. This ceremony took place after restoration of the sacred monument was completed.

saqarTveloSi milsadenebis mSeneblobis kulturuli memkvidreobis programis farglebSi aRdgenili taZrisis wminda giorgis eklesia adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis udidesi mniSvnelobis mqonea. sazeimo ceremonia am wminda salocavis aRdgenis Semdeg Catarda.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor184

Chapter 4

Nurturing a Shared heritage

archaeology allows people to learn more about past civilizations and the story of humankind. It provides a

sense of identity and understanding not just of human diversity, but also of the interconnectedness of societies over time. It can be used to mobilize tourism and economic development. and it can be used to advance the discovery and application of scientific techniques.

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis

saSualebiT gardasuli

civilizaciebisa da,

zogadad, kacobriobis

istoriis Sesaxeb umniSvnelovanesi

informaciis moZieba xdeba. ikveTeba

sxvadasxva xalxis mravalferovnebis

suraTebi, warmoCindeba sruliad

gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi

arsebuli msgavsebebi da kavSirebi.

arqeologiuri kvlevebi turizmisa

da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

stimuladac SeiZleba iqces da

samecniero teqnologiebis danergvas

Seuwyos xeli.

Tavi 4

vufrTxildebiT saerTo memkvidreobas

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 185

Najaf Museyibli (left) and Fikret Orujovexplain the Azerbaijani archaeological recoveryprocess to a local reporter.

najaf museibli (marcxniv) da fiqreT orujovi azerbaijanel Jurnalists gaTxrebis process acnoben.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor186

The pipeline project marks a significant advance in archaeology in the Caucasus, and has helped cast new light on the region’s past. through exemplary excavation, multi-disciplinary analysis of findings, and dissemination through a wide range of media, most notably exhibitions and publications, the project has increased understanding of the region’s archaeological record.

Equally important, through the AGT Pipelines archaeology program, the project is playing a critical role in building capacity by nurturing institutions in the host countries so that they are better able to work on their own consistent with international standards. the project has gone beyond the immediate requirements specific to the archaeological work to undertake, as well, long-term engagement to strengthen local institutions that deal with the environment, cultural heritage, material culture, scientific, educational, and other areas relevant to the project. Local professionals have been able to extend their knowledge in many areas, such as project management; analyses and syntheses of findings; and conservation of the artifacts found. Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey are now positioned to approach archaeological projects with greater creativity and flexibility. Increased commitment will enable them to fully utilize the talents of well-trained professionals to uncover more of their fascinating pasts. The AGT pipelines archaeology program will continue to emphasize capacity-building of organizations in the cultural heritage sector. this chapter reviews the specific efforts developed for each country and the wider public outreach initiatives.

milsadenebis samSeneblo proeqtma

mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli samxreT

kavkasiaSi arqeologiur kvlevebsa da

regionis warsulis axleburi kuTxiT

warmoCenas. misi mimdinareobisas gaTxrebis,

mopovebuli masalis multidisciplinuli

analizis, media-saSualebebis gamoyenebis,

gamofenebisa da publikaciebis saSualebiT

regionis arqeologiuri memkvidreobis

ukeT Seswavla moxerxda.

Bp-sa da misi partniorebis mier SemuSavebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis

programis farglebSi mniSvnelovan

rols TamaSobs e.w. “SesaZleblobaTa

ganviTarebis” programa, romelic

kulturuli memkvidreobis adgilobriv

organizaciebs saerTaSoriso standartebis

danergvaSi exmareba. programa uSualod

arqeologiuri miznebis farglebsac

gascda da grZelvadiani kontaqtebi

daamyara garemosdacviT, kulturuli

memkvidreobis, materialuri kulturis,

samecniero, saganmanaTleblo da sxva

dargebSi momuSave organizaciebTan.

adgilobriv kadrebs saSualeba miecaT

SeeZinaT da gaemdidrebinaT codna

sxvadasxva sferoSi: proeqtis marTvaSi,

mopovebuli masalis analizsa da

artefaqtebis konservaciaSi. azerbaijanSi,

saqarTvelosa da TurqeTSi miRebuli

gamocdilebis Sedegad, specialistebi meti

kreatiulobiT moekidebian arqeologiur

proeqtebs da met moqnilobas gamoiCenen.

amavdroulad, gazrdili pasuxismgeblobis

wyalobiT isini TavianTi niWisa da codnis

ukeT gamoyenebas SeZleben. milsadenebis

arqeologiuri programa kvlavac

gaagrZelebs kultutuli memkvidreobis

seqtorSi momuSave organizaciebis

mxardaWeras. am TavSi mimoxilulia is

specifiuri mcdelobebi da iniciativebi,

romlebic TiToeuli qveynisaTvis

SemuSavda.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 187

David Maynard, an archaeologist from Wales,assisted BP with the administration of the culturalheritage program in Azerbaijan from the start ofpipeline planning through the preparation oftechnical reports.

uelseli arqeologi devid meinardi Bp-is exmareboda azerbaijanSi kulturuli memkvidreobis programis administrirebaSi mSeneblobis dasawyisidan mis damTavrebamde.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor188

azerbaijani

azerbaijanSi Bp-m da misma partniorebma daafinanses arqeologiuri kvlevebi

da adgilobrivi dawesebulebebis

“SesaZleblobaTa ganviTarebis” programa.

Amis magaliTad SeiZleba movixmoT

2005 wels gamarTuli arqeologiis,

eTnografiisa da folkloristikis

kongresi, romelSic azerbaijanisa da

kavkasiis sxva qveynebis 100-ze meti

warmomadgeneli monawileobda. BP-

is Zalisxmeva agreTve mimarTuli iyo

im dawesebulebebis SesaZleblobebis

gasazrdelad, romlebic artefaqtebis

dacvasa da sazogadoebisaTvis wardgenaze

arian pasuxismgebeli. amis magaliTia

goranbois raionis mxareTmcodneobis

muzeumis rekonstruqcia, sadac amave

raionSi gaTxrili borsunlus yorRanis

masala inaxeba. es iniciativa nawilia

ufro farTo mcdelobisa, raTa baqos

arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutSi

koleqciebis marTvis ufro maRali

standartebi danergiliyo. institutma

miiRo aRWurviloba da koleqciebis

Sesenaxaad saWiro gamocdileba. amave

dros, Seiqmna da aRiWurva konservaciis

laboratoria, ganisazRvra konservaciis

wesebi. xuTma arqeologma gaiara

specialuri treningi konservaciis

sferoSi.

ganaTleba da sazogadoebaze

orientirebuli programebi erTerTi

mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa, romelic

xels uwyobs gaTxrebze informaciis

sajarobasa da xelmisawvdomobas. es

wigni da masTan dakavSirebuli vebgverdi

aRniSnuli Zalisxmevis kargi nimuSia.

“kaspiis energiis centri” sangaCalis

navTobisa da gazis terminalis

mnaxvelebs sTavazobs gamofenebsa da

saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebs. maT

aTasobiT skolis moswavle stumrobs.

programebis monawileebs saSualeba

aqvT, miiRon informacia milsadenis

mniSvnelobaze, agreTve, misi mSeneblobisas

aRmoCenil kulturul memkvidreobaze.

Azerbaijan In Azerbaijan, BP and its coventurers have sponsored scientific efforts to study the archaeological finds of the project and undertaken capacity-building measures to strengthen local institutions in the region. For example, over 100 scholars from Azerbaijan and the broader Caucasus region attended a 2005 Conference on archaeology, ethnology, and Folklore. Other efforts have deepened the capabilities of the institutions responsible for long-term preservation of artifacts and their presentation to the public. the refurbishment of the Museum of history and Local Studies located in the Goranboy District, which preserves and displays finds from the nearby excavation site of Borsunlu Kurgan, is an example. this initiative was part of a broader effort to facilitate the establishment of standards for collections management at the Institute of archaeology and ethnography in Baku, which manages numerous collections from project excavations. The Institute also received equipment and expertise needed to properly maintain the collections: a conservation laboratory was established and outfitted; protocols for long-term conservation of collections developed; and five archaeologists given conservation training.

education and public outreach—making information about the excavation sites in Azerbaijan available to the public—were other important areas of activity. this book and the associated website are two examples of this effort. the Caspian energy Center in the Sangachal oil and gas terminal at the edge of the Caspian Sea provides visitors, including thousands of school children, with engaging exhibition and educational activities that explain the significance of the pipelines and the cultural heritage unearthed during its construction.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 189

Recovery of large storage vessels from a site nearTovuz, Azerbaijan, required painstaking extractionand preservation.

azerbaijanSi, Tovuzis maxloblad, aRmoCenili didi zomis WurWlis amoReba garkveul siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

Excavations near Gyrag Kasaman, Azerbaijan,exposed several burial sites from the Antique Period.

azerbaijanSi, girag qasamanis maxloblad antikuri xanis samarxebi aRmoCnda.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor190

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 191

The Nizami Museum of Literature in Baku,Azerbaijan, is named for the 12th century poetfrom Ganja, considered the greatest romanticepic poet.

azerbaijanSi, baqos literaturis muzeumi XII saukunis didi sparsi poetis nizami ganjelis saxels atarebs.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor192

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 193

Archaeologists from Georgia’s Center forArchaeological Studies record a site along theBTC pipeline.

saqarTveloSi BtC –is milsadenze arqeologiuri centris TanamSromlebi arqeologiur Zegls afiqsireben.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor194

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 195

Azerbaijani and Georgian cultural heritagespecialists observe CAT scanning equipmentwith Dr. Bruno Frohlich, Smithsonian Institution,during meetings at the Smithsonian Institution inOctober 2008.

smiTsonis institutSi, 2008 wlis oqtomberSi gamarTul Sexvedraze qarTveli da azerbaijaneli specialistebi doqtor bruno frolixTan erTad Cat- is tipis skaners aTvaliereben.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor196

Archaeologist Lali Akhalaia, Cultural HeritageCoordinator Dawn Alexander, Cultural HeritageMonitor Nino Erkomaishvili, and Project Directorand Senior Architect Merab Bochoidze discussthe next steps during the restoration of TadzrisiMonastery in Georgia.

arqeologebi lali axalaia, kulturuli memkvidreobis koordinatori don aleqsanderi, kulturuli memkvidreobis monitori nino erqomaiSvili da proeqtis avtori, merab boWoiZe ganixilaven taZrisis monastria aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis Semdgom etapebs.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 197

The main fortress wall at Sakire in Georgia istied by an archway to the wall that encirclesthe courtyard. sakireSi (saqarTvelo) cixesimagris mTavari kedeli TaRiT ukavSirdeba Sida ezos kedels.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor198

Georgia Georgian scholars, scientists, and preservationists had many of the same needs as their counterparts in Azerbaijan, but also some unique ones. For example, the project supported extensive architectural studies to minimize the impacts on standing monuments and furthered the restoration of specific historical structures on or near the pipeline route. The Georgian Cultural Heritage Protection Department played a large role in determining a route that would ensure that the most significant sites near the project right-of-way were avoided. Most efforts focused on planning protective measures for at-risk sites, and specific protection or mitigation measures were developed for each of them.

an excellent example is the approach taken to ensure conservation and preservation of the tadzrisi Monastery complex. the complex consists of two churches standing side by side, St. George’s (a three-nave basilica) and St. Mary’s, as well as the ruins of a monastery building. the monastery was the most important ecclesiastic center in the 10th-15th centuries AD in Georgia; its origin is associated with eminent Georgian religious leaders in the early Middle ages. It was temporarily abandoned following an invasion by the Ottoman Turks in the 1550s. St. George’s Church is the most prominent remnant of the monastery and a pilgrimage site for Georgians to this day. Although the ruins of the Monastery are not directly on the pipeline route, BtC/SCp funded conservation and restoration of both churches and the monastery’s courtyard.

saqarTvelo

qarTvel mecnierebs TavianTi

azerbaijaneli kolegebis msgavi

problemebi hqondaT, Tumca, maT

Soris sakmao gansxvavebac arsebobda.

kulturuli memkvidreobis proeqtis

farglebSi mSeneblobis dawyebamde,

intensiuri samuSaoebi Catarda

milsadenebis siaxloves arsebuli

arqiteqturuli Zeglebis dacvis

mizniT. saqarTvelos ZeglTa dacvis

departamentma didi roli iTamaSa

milsadenis iseTi marSrutis amorCevaSi,

rom mas mniSvnelovani ZeglebisaTvis

gverdi aevlo. gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva

moxmarda sarisko arqiteqturuli

Zeglebis SeZlebisdagvarad dacvas.

amisTvis SemuSavda specialuri dacviTi

RonisZiebebi.

amis TvalsaCino magaliTia is midgoma,

romelic taZrisis samonastro kompleqsis

dacvisa da aRdgenisaTvis SemuSavda.

kompleqsi gverdi-gverd mdgari wminda

giorgisa (samnaviani eklesia) da wm.

mariamis monastris nangrevebisagan

Sedgeboda. es monasteri X-XV saukuneebSi

saqarTvelos erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

sulieri centri gaxldaT. misi daarseba

adre Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos

udides religiur moRvaweTa saxelebs

ukavSirdeba. 1550 wels otomanTa imperiis

Semosevis Sedegad monasterma arseboba

Sewyvita. wminda giorgis eklesia

samonastro kompleqsis mTavari nagebobaa,

romelSic momlocvelebi dRemde dadian.

marTalia, kompleqsis nangrevebi uSualod

milsadenis marSrutze ar mdebareobs,

magram Bp-im da misma partniorebma orive eklesiis aRdgena daafinansa.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 199

the result is an aesthetically pleasing and historically accurate site with two fully operational historic churches. In a letter of gratitude to BP, local residents wrote, “this was a sign of great respect towards Georgian cultural heritage…[which] strengthened our positive attitude towards pipeline construction.”

In addition to these preservation efforts, the project has supported two museum exhibitions of some of the exciting finds unearthed along the pipeline route. In 2005 the Janashia State Museum (now part of Georgian National Museum) hosted the “First Oil Celebration,” where the Company presented an exhibition of outstanding archaeological finds. On July 2, 2009 the Georgian National Museum, together with Bp and its partners, inaugurated the exhibition, “pipeline Construction and archaeological Finds” at the Samtskhe-Javakheti History Museum in Akhaltsikhe, in southern Georgia. The exhibition contains up to 800 artifacts from the paleolithic to the Middle ages that were unearthed during the pipeline construction. the museum itself was partially renovated for the occasion.

Sedegad miviReT esTetikurad

sasiamovno da pirvandeli saxiT

aRdgenili, ori moqmedi eklesia. Bp-sadmi miweril samadlobelo werilSi

adgilobrivi mosaxleoba aRniSnavs,

rom “es iyo saqarTvelos kulturuli

memkvidreobisadmi gamoCenili

didi pativiscema, ramac milsadenis

mSeneblobisadmi Cveni dadebiTi

damokidebuleba kidev ufro ganamtkica”.

amas garda, proeqtis farglebSi

ganxorcielda axalaRmoCenili

arqeologiuri masalis saintereso

gamofeebi. 2005 wels s. janaSias saxelobis

saxelmwifo muzeumSi (romelic dRes

erovnuli muzeumis nawilia) gaimarTa

“pirveli navTobisadmi” miZRvnili

arqeologiuri gamofena. 2009 wlis

2 ivliss, saqarTvelos erovnulma

muzeumma Bp-sa da mis partniorebTan

erTad axalcixis samcxe-javaxeTis

istoriis muzeumSi moawyo gamofena

“milsadeni da arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi”.

Ggamofenaze gamotanili iyo milsadenis

mSeneblobisas aRmoCenili sxvadasxva

periodis 800 eqsponati, paleoliTidan

– Suasaukunebamde. am movlenasTan

dakavSirebiT moxda muzeumis nawilobrivi

ganaxlebac.

Specialists from Georgia’s Center forArchaeological Studies clean and conserveartifacts from excavations in that nation.

saqarTvelos arqeologiuri centris TanmSromlebi asufTaveben da konservacias ukeTeben aRmoCenil artefaqtebs.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor200

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 201

Restoring the domed roof of St. Mary’s Churchat Tadzrisi in Georgia involved replacing missingstones and securing loose ones.

taZrisSi (saqarTvelo) wm. mariamis eklesiis TaRovani gadaxurvis aRsadgenad moryeuli qvebi gaamagres.

Interior of the restored St. George church in TadzrisiMonastery.

taZrisis wminda giorgis aRdgenili eklesiis interieri.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor202

Prior to restoration work, the small St. Mary’sChurch in Tadzrisi in Georgia, although overgrownwith vegetation and in ruins, was still visited by local Georgians.

mcenareuli safariT dafarul da nangrevebad qceul taZrisis wm. mariamis eklesias aRdgenamdec ar aklda momlocvelebi.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 203

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor204

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 205

This cross was inscribed into the sandstoneabove a lintel of St. George’s Church in Tadzrisiin Georgia.

es jvari taZrisis wm. giorgis eklesiis sarkmlis zRudarzea amokveTili.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor206

Yüceören site report published by Gazi University in 2006.

ieqeronis gaTxrebis angariSi gazis universitetma 2006 wels gamosca.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 207

Archaeologists from Georgia’s Center forArchaeological Studies review data gatheredalong the pipeline. saqarTvelos arqeologiuri centris TanmSromlebi milsadenis teritoriaze mopovebul masalas akvirdebian.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor208

turkey Cultural heritage efforts in Turkey under the pipeline project have focused mainly on capacity building at the regional museums where most of the collections from the excavations were deposited. the museums are located in the provinces of Kars, erzurum, Sivas, Kahramanmaras, and adana, which lie along the route. the project began with needs assessments developed by the directorates for the museums, and has involved investment in equipment, training, and publications. The project undertook the capacity-building work in turkey in conjunction with the association of archaeologists, Gazi University, and the British Institute of archaeology, all in ankara.

an additional result of the archaeology program in turkey has been an internationally recognized series of illustrated publications on the sites excavated along the pipeline. the Smithsonian Institution’s AGT project website (http://www.agt.si.edu ) has posted original Azerbaijani, Georgian and turkish excavation site reports.

TurqeTi

TurqeTSi milsadenebis samSeneblo

proeqtis kulturuli memkvidreobis

programa ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo im

regionaluri muzeumebis SesaZleblobaTa

gazrdaze, sadac milsadenis arealSi

mopovebuli masala inaxeboda (yarsis,

erzrumis, sivaSis, yaramanmarisa da adanas

muzeumebi). proeqti daiwyo im saWiroebaTa

da moTxovnaTa SefasebiT, romlebic

muzeumebis direqtorebma SeimuSaves.

analizis Sesabamisad, gamoiyo investiciebi

muzeumis aRsaWurvad, TanamSromelTa

treningebisa da publikaciebisaTvis.

“SesaZleblobaTa gazrdis” es proeqti

ankaris arqeologTa asociaciis,

gazis universitetisa da britaneTis

arqeologiis institutis erToblivi

ZalisxmeviT ganxorcielda.

TurqeTSi arqeologiur ZeglTa aRmoCenisa

da gaTxrebis kvaldakval ilustrirebul

publikaciaTa mTeli seria gamoqveynda.

smiTsonis institutis azerbaijanul-

qarTul-Turquli proeqtis farglebSi

internetSi ganTavsda gaTxrebis

sainformacio vebgverdi http://agt.si.edu., romelSiac azerbaijanSi, saqarTvelosa

da TurqeTSi Catarebuli gaTxrebis

angariSebia motanili.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 209

Conclusion As they wind their way through Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey, the pipelines stand as symbols of a more prosperous and integrated future for the South Caucasus and eastern anatolia. But the planning and construction of the pipelines have also had a major impact on understanding the past of the region, which has long been recognized as a heartland of ancient history. the cultural heritage component of the BTC and SCP pipelines project continues to fill, gaps in our knowledge of the civilizations that occupied these ancient lands. the project will have a lasting impact on archaeological science and institutions in the host countries. It will surely continue to encourage cooperation in understanding and appreciating this region’s common heritage that is such an important part of the shared heritage of people everywhere.

daskvna

azerbaijanis, saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis

teritoriebze gamavali milsadenebi

samxreT kavkasiasa da aRmosavleT

anatoliaSi ufro warmatebuli da

integrirebuli momavlis simboloebad

iqcnen. milsadenebis daproeqtebam

da mSeneblobam aseve xeli Seuwyo im

regionis warsulis kvlevas, romelic

uZvelesi civilizaciebis erT-erT

akvnad iTvleba. BtC da SCp proeqtebis wyalobiT mdidrdeba Cveni codna im

civilizaciaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic am

uZveles miwebze arsebobda. proeqti

kidev moaxdens gavlenas maspinZeli

qveynebis arqeologiuri mecnierebis

da institutebis ganviTarebaze,

xels Seuwyobs am regionis saerTo

kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlasa da

TanamSromlobis iniciativebs.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor210

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 211

“Pipelines awaken ancient history” archaeological exhibition in the Caspian Energy Centre at BP operated Sangachal oil and gas terminal.

arqeologiuri gamofena “navTobsadenebi da gamoRviZebuli istoria” kaspiis energetikis centrSi, Bp-is mier marTul sangaCalis terminalSi.A

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor212

acknowledgements

the volume presents information on some of the extraordinary treasures discovered during of the construction of the BtC

and SCp pipelines and celebrates the new archaeological contributions uncovered during field work beginning in 2003 in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey. the volume is part of a larger cultural heritage program, sponsored by Bp and its coventurers in the Caspian projects. the authors thank Bp for its support of this publication, which provides examples of the historic sites and artifacts unearthed during the excavations and underscores the cultural connections among peoples from the region. We extend our sincere gratitude to BP staff: Ismail Miriyev, elnara huseynova and Nino erkomaishvili for their advice and patience during the production of this book. they provided continuing encouragement as well as invaluable access to site materials and introductions to pertinent scholars, images, and ideas. their cooperation and substantive comments greatly enriched and improved the book. We also thank Gunesh alakbarova and turkhan ahmadov for proofreading the Azerbaijani text.

madloba gaweuli samuSaosaTvis

am wignSi Sesulia informacia

azerbaijanSi, saqarTvelosa

da TurqeTSi 2003 wels

dawyebuli BtC da SCp milsadenebis mSeneblobisas

aRmoCenili mdidari arqeologiuri

masalis Sesaxeb. wigni im

kulturuli memkvidreobis

programis nawilia, romelic

Bp-m da misma partniorebma daafinanses. avtorebi misi gamocemis

xelSewyobisaTvis Bp-is did madlobas uxdian. publikaciaSi

uxvadaa mocemuli informacia

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad

aRmoCenili arqeologiuri

masalebisa da Zeglebis Sesaxeb,

agreTve gamaxvilebulia yuradReba

regionis xalxTa kulturul

kavSirebze. wignze muSaobisas

gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis gvsurs

didi madliereba gamovxatoT

Bp-is TanamSromlebis: ismail

mirievis,Eelnara huseinovasa da

nino erqomaiSvilis mimarT. isini

Tavdauzogavad gvedgnen mxarSi da

yvelanairad gviwyobdnen xels, raTa

CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi gamxdariyo

ara marto masalebi, aramed, maT

Sesaxeb mecnierTa mier gamoTqmuli

mosazrebanic. maTma daxmarebam,

saqmis koordinaciam da profesiulma

SeniSvnebma didwilad gaaumjobesa am

wignis Sinaarsi da xarisxi.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 213

The Smithsonian’s preparation of the AGT archive database (used for the development of this book and its website, and shared with our counterpart institutions in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey) has benefitted from the support and expertise of Dr. Najaf Museyibli and Ziya Hajili at the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography; Dr. Malahat Farajova, Director of the Gobustan National Historical-Artistic Preserve; Dr. David Lordkipanidze, General Director of National Museum of Georgia and Dr. Mikheil Tsereteli of the Georgian National Museum; and Dr. Vakhtang Shatberashvili of the Georgian Archaeological research Center; and many others. For help with Georgian archaeological data, visiting researcher Irakli Pipia (Tbilisi State University) brought to the Smithsonian in Washington his helpfulness, good humor and tireless translations of Georgian archaeological site reports. Guram Kvirkvelia, an esteemed Georgian archaeologist, also provided assistance. Besarion Maisuradze, the Deputy General Director for Science and Head of the archaeological research Center, was always supportive. Mrs. Nino Nadaraia helped edit the Georgian texts. Chingiz Samadzada, an Azerbaijani photographer, and Gabriel Salinker, photographer at the Georgian National Museum, supplied many of the images for this book. the embassies of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey in Washington, D.C., also furnished outstanding photographs. Mikheil Tsereteli, Tamara Kokochashvili, Giorgi Mindorashvili, and Teimuraz Gotsadze, all from Georgia, along with Najaf Müseyibli, Malahat Farajova, and Ziya Hajili from Azerbaijan, visited Washington, D.C. for two weeks in October 2008 to participate in our international museum capacity building program. each also had a role in helping to prepare this volume. Continuing correspondence with David Maynard also helped the project from its initial conceptualization to its completion.its completion.

smiTsonis institutSi Tavmoyrili masalis

(romelicAam wignisa da vebgverdis

mosamzadeblad azerbaijanis, saqarTvelosa

da TurqeTis Sesabamisi dawesebulebebis

daxmarebiT Segrovda) damuSavebaSi

didi wvlili Seitanes: doqtorma najaf

museiblim da zia hajilim (azerbaijanis

arqeologiisa da eTnografiis instituti),

gobusTanis erovnuliHistoriuli

nakrZalis direqtorma, doqtorma malahaT

farajovam, saqarTvelos erovnuli

muzeumis generalurma direqtorma

profesorma daviT lorTqifaniZem, aseve,

mixeil wereTelma, (saqarTvelos erovnuli

muzeumi), doqtorma vaxtang SatberaSvilma

(saqarTvelos arqeologiuri kvlevis

centri) da mravalma sxvam. saqarTvelos

arqeologiuri masalis gaazrebaSi

dagvexmara irakli fifia, romelmac

qarTuli arqeologiuri Zeglebis

gaTxrebis angariSebis Targmanze

dauRalavi muSaobisas SesaSuri iumoris

grZnobac gamoamJRavna. daxmarebisaTvis

madlobas vuxdiT pativcemul qarTvel

arqeologs, doqtor guram kvirkvelias,

agreTve saqarTvelos erovnuli

muzeumisAarqeologiis centris

xelmZRvanels, doqtor besarion

maisuraZes. qarTul teqstze gaweuli

muSaobisas stilisturi Sesworebebi

Seitana doqtorma nino nadaraiam.

fotografebma, Cingiz samadzadem

(azerbaijani) da gabriel salnikerma

(saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi)

wignSi Sesuli fotoebis didi nawili

gadaiRes. fotoebi agreTve mogvawodes

saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da TurqeTis

saelCoebma vaSingtonSi. 2008 wlis

oqtomberSi SesaZleblobaTa gazrdis

orkvirian saerTaSoriso SexvedraSi

monawileoba miiRes: mixeil wereTelma,

Tamar kokoCaSvilma, giorgi mindoraSvilma,

Teimuraz gocaZem (saqarTvelo), najaf

museiblim, malahaT farajovam da zia

hajilim (azerbaijani).Yyvela maTganma

sagrZnobi wvlili Seitana am wignis

gamocemaSi. konceptualuri sakiTxebis

SemuSavebasa da mis saboloo srulyofaSi

gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa devid

meinardTan mimoweram.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor214

All the authors sincerely thank Dr. Süleyman Yücel Şenyurt of Gazi University for his detailed and helpful comments as a peer reviewer for the Turkish sites and text and Dr. Vakhtang Shatberashvili for his careful review of the entire text. the Smithsonian team (paul Michael taylor, Christopher R. Polglase, Jared M. Koller, and Troy A. Johnson) extend our thanks to Dr. Najaf Museyibli of Baku’s Institute of archaeology and ethnography, who joined us as co-author. this co-authorship is even more appropriate since the synthesizing efforts of all the authors derive, in the case of the Azerbaijani data, from largely unpublished field reports prepared by the institute represented by Dr. Najaf Museyibli. This book’s content reflects our collegial understanding that, even though the periodization of history and the interpretation of specific archeological facts may vary within each country’s traditions of scholarship, we all gain much from attempting to share and synthesize data across borders in ways that reflect and build our shared understanding.

Within the Smithsonian Institution, many merit our gratitude. Gregory P. Shook, Samantha Grauberger, and Lance Costello helped organize the October 2008 international museum capacity building program. Michael Tuttle, Webmaster of the Smithsonian Institution, along with Jared M. Koller, developed the website associated with this volume, a process that elicited numerous ideas later incorporated into this book. Christopher Lotis and Whitney Watriss meticulously copyedited the text. We benefited from the assistance of numerous other colleagues including Yeonkyung Bae, Delores Clyburn, Catherine Fletcher, halina Izdebska, Daniele Lauro, Matt McInnes, Mark Mulder, Ian Parker, Zaborian Payne, Robert Pontsioen, Michelle reed, Nancy Shorey, William Bradford Smith, Karen Sulmonetti, Saw Sandi Tun, and Janet Yoo.

avtorebi did madlobas uxdian doqtor

suleiman iusel seniurTs (gazis

universiteti) Turquli Zeglebis Sesaxeb

teqstis detaluri redaqtirebisa

dakomentirebisaTvis, aseve doqtor

vaxtang SatberaSvils, romelmac teqstis

redaqtirebaSi miiRo monawileoba.

smiTsonis institutis gundi (pol maikl

teilori, qristofer r. folglesis

jared m. koleri, Troi a. jonsoni)

gansakuTrebul madlobas uxdis doqtor

najaf museiblis TanaavtorobisaTvis.

marTalia, am sami qveynis mecnierebis

Sexedulebebi specifiur arqeologiuri

sakiTxebis interpretacia sakmaod

gansxvavebulia, magram Cven SevecadeT es

monacemebi garkveulwilad Segvejerebina,

raTa am wignSi Cveni saerTo midgomebi

asaxuliyo.

gvinda didi madliereba gamovxatoT

smiTsonis institutis TanamSromlebis

mimarT. 2008 wels, muzeumebis

“SesaZleblobaTa zrdis” saerTaSoriso

Sexvedris programis momzadebaSi didi

wvlili Seitanes gregori p. Sukma, samanta

grauberma da lans kostelom. smiTsonis

institutis vebmasterma, maikl TuTlma

jared kolerTan erTad am publikaciis

vebgverdi Seadgina, romelze muSaobisas

am wignSi Sesuli araerTi ideis avtoric

aRmoCnda. qristofer loTisi da uitni

uorisi dauRalavad muSaobdnen teqstis

redaqtirebasa da koreqturaze. ieon-kung

bai,Ddelores kliberni, qeTrin fletCeri,

halina izdebska, Daniel lauro, meT makinsi,

mark mulderi, ian parkeri, zaborian peini,

robert pontsioeni, MmiSel ridi, nansi

Sori, uiliamBbredford smiTi,Kkaren

sulmoneti, sav sandi Tuni da janetYio

– es is xalxia, romelTaganac Cven

fasdaudebeli daxmareba miviReT.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 215

Finally, appreciation and thanks go to Dr. Carole Neves, director of the Smithsonian’s Office of policy and analysis, who played a vital role in introducing many of us to the Caucasus and who edited the text. her commitment to the project and her comments, insights, and suggestions were of particular importance to the book’s successful completion.

da bolos, gansakuTrebuli madloba

gvinda vuTxraT smiTsonis institutis

politikisa da analizis ofisis

xelmZRvanels, doqtor qerol nevess,

romelma bevr Cvengans gaacno kavkasia

da romelic am wignis redaqtoria.

proeqtisadmi misma erTgulebam, xedvam,

winadadebebma da SeniSvnebma wignis

warmatebiT gasrulebis saqmeSi

umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula.

photo credits

Unless otherwise noted, all photographs in this book were provided by Bp exploration Caspian Sea Ltd., whose extensive photographs of cultural heritage efforts form a major portion of the photographic archive assembled under the Smithsonian’s Azerbaijan-Georgia-Turkey (AGT) project, along with contributions from the Institute of archaeology and ethnography (Baku, Azerbaijan), Gobustan National Historical-Artistic Preserve (Baku, Azerbaijan), and the Georgian National Museum (Tbisili, Georgia). The Embassies of the Republic of Georgia (pp. 26, 40, 44-45, 80-81, 100, 104-105), and the Republic of Turkey (pp.10-11, 18-19, 26, 46-47, 107-111, 114, 118-119), the Smithsonian Institution (p. 194-195), Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography (p. 65) and Christopher R. Polglase (pp. 35, 41{on left}, 148) also contributed photographs.

fotomasala

am wignSi Sesuli yvela foto, Tuki

mas specialuri niSani ar axlavs, Bp exploration Caspian Sea Ltd–is mieraa mowodebuli. Ekulturuli memkvidreobis

amsaxveli fotomasalaPam fotoarqivis

ZiriTadi fondia da smiTsonis institutis

proeqtis – AGT-is (azerbaijani –

saqarTvelo – TurqeTi) Semadgeneli

nawilia. am masalas erTvis baqos

eTnografiisa da arqeologiis institutis

gobusTanis xelovnebisa da istoriis

erovnuli nakrZalisa da saqarTvelos

erovnuli muzeumis mier gadmocemuli

fotoebi. aqvea saqarTvelosa (gv. 26, 40, 44-45,

106) da TurqeTis respublikis (gv. 10-11, 18-19,

27, 46-47, 104, 113, 115, 117, 120, 122-123) saelCoebis,

smiTsonis institutis, vaSingtonis

kongresis biblioTekisa da qristofer

r. folgleisis mier mowodebuli

fotomasalac (gv 35, 41, 146, 188-189).

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor216

Site report Citations

Agdash (Azerbaijan, KP 194/200)Mustafayev, Mikayil. 2006. Agdash: Excavations of an Antique Period Jar Grave. Baku.

Agili Dere (Azerbaijan, KP 358)Huseynov, Fuad. 2007. Excavations of Agili Dere Settlement Site. Baku.

Akmezer (Turkey, KP 429)Görür, Muhammet; Ekmen, Hamza. 2005. Akmezer: A Hellenistic and Medieval Settlement in Cayirli. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for archaeology. Amirarkh (Azerbaijan, KP 204)Huseynov, Muzaffar; Jalilov, Bakhtiyar. 2006. Amirarkh: Excavations of an Antique Period Wooden Coffin Grave. Baku.

Ashagi Kechili (Azerbaijan, KP 332.5)Dostiyev, Tarikh. 2007. Archaeological Work at Ashagi Kechili Settlement Site. Baku.

Asrikchai (Azerbaijan, KP 377)Museyibli, Najaf; Jalilov, Bakhtiyar; Agayev, Gahraman. 2007. Excavations of Asrikchai Settlement Site. Baku.

Atskuri Winery (Georgia, KP 211/212)Licheli, Vakhtang ; Rcheulishvili, Giorgi; Kasradze, Merab; rusishvili, r.; Kalandadze, Nino; papuashvili, Nana; Kazakhishvili, L.; Gobejishvili, Gela. 2007. Archaeological Investigation at Site IV-266/320, KP211/212, Atskuri Village, Akhaltsikhe Region. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. Borsunlu Kurgan (Azerbaijan, KP 272) Qoşqarli, Qoşqar; Müseyibli, Nəcəf; Aşurov, Səfər. 2003. Borsunlu Kurqani. Baku, elm press. Boyuk Kasik (Azerbaijan, KP 438)Müseyibli, Nəcəf; Huseynov, Muzaffar. 2008. Boyuk Kasik Report: On Excavations of Boyuk Kasik Settlement at Kilometre Point 438 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines Right Of Way Baku.

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis angariSebi

agdaSi (azerbaijani, KP 194/200)Mustafayev, Mikayil. 2006. Agdash: Excavations of an Antique Period Jar Grave. Baku.

agili dere (azerbaijani, KP 358)Huseynov, Fuad. 2007. Excavations of Agili Dere Settlement Site. Baku.

aqmezeri (TurqeTi, KP 429)Görür, Muhammet; Ekmen, Hamza. 2005. Akmezer: A Hellenistic and Medieval Settlement in Cayirli. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for archaeology.

amirarxi (azerbaijani, KP 204)Huseynov, Muzaffar; Jalilov, Bakhtiyar. 2006. Amirarkh: Excavations of an Antique Period Wooden Coffin Grave. Baku.

aSagi qeCili (azerbaijani, KP 332.5)Dostiyev, Tarikh. 2007. Archaeological Work at Ashagi Kechili Settlement Site. Baku.

asrikCai (azerbaijani, KP 377)Museyibli, Najaf; Jalilov, Bakhtiyar; Agayev, Gahraman. 2007. Excavations of Asrikchai Settlement Site. Baku.

awyuri (saqarTvelo, KP 211/212)Licheli, Vakhtang ; Rcheulishvili, Giorgi; Kasradze, Merab; rusishvili, r.; Kalandadze, Nino; papuashvili, Nana; Kazakhishvili, L.; Gobejishvili, Gela. 2007. Archaeological Investigation at Site IV-266/320, KP211/212, Atskuri Village, Akhaltsikhe Region. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum.

borsunlus yorRani (zerbaijani, KP 272)Qoşqarli, Qoşqar; Müseyibli, Nəcəf; Aşurov, Səfər. 2003. Borsunlu Kurqani. Baku, elm press. biuq qaSiqi (zerbaijani, KP 438)Müseyibli, Nəcəf; Huseynov, Muzaffar. 2008. Boyuk Kasik Report: On Excavations of Boyuk Kasik Settlement at Kilometre Point 438 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines Right Of Way Baku, Nafta Press.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavali 217

Büyükardıç (Turkey, KP 270)Şenyurt, S. Yücel. 2005. Büyükardıç: An Early Iron Age Hilltop Settlement in Eastern Anatolia. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for archaeology. Chaparli (Azerbaijan, KP 335/336)aşurov, Səfər. 2008. Chaparli Report: On Excavations of Late Antique and Early Medieval Period Chapel, Settlement and Burial Site at Kilometre Points 335/336 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. Chivchavi Gorge Site (Georgia, KP 087)Heritage Protection Department of Georgia. 2003. Study of the Monuments within Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Route Corridor: Phase III. Report. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. Dashbulaq (Azerbaijan, KP 342)Hajafov, Shamil; Huseynov, Muzaffar; Jalilov, Bakhtiyar. 2007. Dashbulag Report: On Excavations of Dashbulag Settlement at Kilometre Point 342 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. Eli Baba (Georgia, KP 116)Narimanashvili, Goderdzi. 2004. Preliminary Report on Field Excavations of Tsalka – Trialeti Archaeological Expedition for the Season 2003 on Eli-Baba (Sabechdavi) Cemetery.tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. Fakhrali (Azerbaijan, KP 289)Jalilov, Bakhtiyar; Kvachidze, Viktor. 2007. Excavations of Fakhrali Settlement. Baku.

Garajamirli I & II (Azerbaijan, KP 321/323.57)Agayev, Gahraman. 2006. Excavations of Garajamirli I Settlement Site. Baku.

Dostiyev, Tarikh. 2007. Excavations of Garajamirli II Settlement. Baku,

Girag Kasaman (Azerbaijan, KP 405/406)Dostiyev, Tarikh; Kvachidze, Viktor; Huseynov, Muzaffar. 2007. Girag Kasaman Report: On Excavations of Girag Kasaman Settlement at Kilometre Point 405 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku.

buiuqardiCi (TurqeTi, KP 270)Şenyurt, S. Yücel. 2005. Büyükardıç: An Early Iron Age Hilltop Settlement in Eastern Anatolia. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for archaeology. Caparli (azerbaijani, KP 335/336)aşurov, Səfər. 2008. Chaparli Report: On Excavations of Late Antique and Early Medieval Period Chapel, Settlement and Burial Site at Kilometre Points 335/336 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. WivWavis xeoba (saqarTvelo, KP 087)Heritage Protection Department of Georgia. 2003. Study of the Monuments within Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Route Corridor: Phase III. Report. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. daSulaqi (azerbaijani, KP 342)Hajafov, Shamil; Huseynov, Muzaffar; Jalilov, Bakhtiyar. 2007. Dashbulag Report: On Excavations of Dashbulag Settlement at Kilometre Point 342 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. eli baba (saqarTvelo, KP 116)Narimanashvili, Goderdzi. 2004. Preliminary Report on Field Excavations of Tsalka – Trialeti Archaeological Expedition for the Season 2003 on Eli-Baba (Sabechdavi) Cemetery.tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. faxrali (azerbaijani, KP 289)Jalilov, Bakhtiyar; Kvachidze, Viktor. 2007. Excavations of Fakhrali Settlement. Baku.

yarajamirli I & II (azerbaijani, KP 321/323.57)Agayev, Gahraman. 2006. Excavations of Garajamirli I Settlement Site. Baku.

Dostiyev, Tarikh. 2007. Excavations of Garajamirli II Settlement. Baku.

girag qasamani (azerbaijani, KP 405/406)Dostiyev, Tarikh; Kvachidze, Viktor; Huseynov, Muzaffar. 2007. Girag Kasaman Report: On Excavations of Girag Kasaman Settlement at Kilometre Point 405 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku.

kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiPmilsadenebis derefanSi, warsuli da momavaliPast and Future Heritage in the Pipelines Corridor218

Müseyibli, Nəcəf; Kvachidze, Viktor; Najafov, Shamil. 2008. Girag Kasaman II Report: On Excavations of Girag Kasaman II Site at Kilometre Point 406 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. Güllüdere (Turkey, KP 354)Şenyurt, S. Yücel; İbiş, Resul. 2005. Güllüdere: An Iron Age and Medieval Settlement in Askale Plain. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for archaeology. Hajialili I, II & III (Azerbaijan, KP 300.98/301/302)Dostiyev, Tarikh. 2006. Excavations of Hajialili I Settlement. Baku.

Mammadov, Arif; Agayev, Gahraman. 2006. Excavations of Hajialili II Settlement. Baku.

Dostiyev, Tarikh; Mammadov, Arif. 2008. Excavations of Hajialili III Settlement. Baku.

Hasansu Kurgan (Azerbaijan, KP 398.8)Müseyibli, Nəcəf; Huseynov, Muzaffar; Jalilov, Bakhtiyar. 2007. Hasansu Necropolis Report: On Excavations of Hasansu Necropolis at Kilometre Point 398.8 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku.

Müseyibli, Nəcəf. 2007. Hasansu Kurgan Report: On Excavations of Hasansu Kurgan at Kilometre Point 399 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. Jinisi (Georgia, KP 136)Kavavdze, eliso. Report on the palynological study of the material revealed as a result of the field works by the tsalka (kp 107-119; 136) archeological expedition.

Narimanishvili, G.; Amiranashvili, J. 2005. Report of the Trialeti Archaeological Expedition of 2004 2-36. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. Kayranlıkgözü (Turkey, KP 922)Görür, Muhammet. 2005. Kayranlık: A Roman Bath in Eastern Kilikia. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for Archaeology.

Khojakhan (Azerbaijan, KP 361)Huseynov, Muzaffar; Jalilov, Bakhtiyar. 2007. Excavations of Khojakhan Settlement. Baku.

guludere (TurqeTi, KP 354)Şenyurt, S. Yücel; İbiş, Resul. 2005. Güllüdere: An Iron Age and Medieval Settlement in Askale Plain. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for archaeology. hajialili I, II & III (azerbaijani, KP 300.98/301/302)Dostiyev, Tarikh. 2006. Excavations of Hajialili I Settlement. Baku.

Mammadov, Arif; Agayev, Gahraman. 2006. Excavations of Hajialili II Settlement. Baku.

Dostiyev, Tarikh; Mammadov, Arif. 2008. Excavations of Hajialili III Settlement. Baku.

hasansus yorRani (azerbaijani, KP 398.8)Müseyibli, Nəcəf; Huseynov, Muzaffar; Jalilov, Bakhtiyar. 2007. Hasansu Necropolis Report: On Excavations of Hasansu Necropolis at Kilometre Point 398.8 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku.

Müseyibli, Nəcəf. 2007. Hasansu Kurgan Report: On Excavations of Hasansu Kurgan at Kilometre Point 399 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. jinisi (saqarTvelo, KP 136)Kavavdze, eliso. Report on the palynological study of the material revealed as a result of the field works by the tsalka (kp 107-119; 136) archeological expedition.

Narimanishvili, G.; Amiranashvili, J. 2005. Report of the Trialeti Archaeological Expedition of 2004 2-36. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. yairanlikgozli (TurqeT, KP 922)Görür, Muhammet. 2005. Kayranlık: A Roman Bath in Eastern Kilikia. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for Archaeology.

xojaxani (azerbaijani, KP 361)Huseynov, Muzaffar; Jalilov, Bakhtiyar. 2007. Excavations of Khojakhan Settlement. Baku.

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Klde (Georgia, KP 225)Gambashidze, Irine; Mindiashvili, Giorgi. 2006. Archaeological Excavations at the Klde Settlement and Cemetery, Report. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum.

Khunan (Azerbaijan, KP 380)Museyibli, Najaf. 2007. On Excavations of Khunan Settlement Conducted within BTC and SCP ROW at KP 380. Baku. Kodiana Kurgan (Georgia, KP 193)Gambashidze, Irine; Gogochuri, Giorgi. 2004. Report on Archaeological Excavations Carried out by an Archaeological Expedition of Borjomi District in July-August. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. Ktsia Valley Site (Georgia, KP 165)Gambashidze, Irine. 2005. Ktsia Valley Ancient Settlement Site KP 165, Report. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of archaeology of the Georgian National Museum.

Lak I & II (Azerbaijan, KP 298/300)Dostiyev, Tarikh. 2007. Excavations of Lak I Settlement. Baku.

Agayev, Gahraman. 2007. Excavations of Lak II Early Medieval Settlement. Baku. Minnetpinari (Turkey, KP 986)Tekinalp, V. Macit. 2005. Minnetpinari: A Medieval Settlement in Eastern Kilikia. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for Archaeology. Nachivchavebi Site (Georgia, KP 085)Shatberashvili, Zebede; Amiranashvili, Juansher; Gogochuri, Giorgi; Mindorashvili, David; Grigolia, Guram; Nikolaishvili, Vakhtang. 2005. Works of Tetritsqaro Archaeological Expedition in 2003-2004. Tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. Narimankand (Azerbaijan, KP 234/237)Agayev, Gahraman; Ashurov, Safar. 2007. Narimankand: Excavations of Earth Graves of Developed Iron Age Date. Baku.

Mustafayev, Mikayil. 2006. Narimankand: Excavations of Antique Period Jar Graves. Baku.

klde (saqarTvelo, KP 225)Gambashidze, Irine; Mindiashvili, Giorgi. 2006. Archaeological Excavations at the Klde Settlement and Cemetery, Report. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum.

xunani (azerbaijani, KP 380)Museyibli, Najaf. 2007. On Excavations of Khunan Settlement Conducted within BTC and SCP ROW at KP 380. Baku. kodianas yorRani (saqarTvelo, KP 193)Gambashidze, Irine; Gogochuri, Giorgi. 2004. Report on Archaeological Excavations Carried out by an Archaeological Expedition of Borjomi District in July-August. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. qciis veils namosaxlari (saqarTvelo, KP 165)Gambashidze, Irine. 2005. Ktsia Valley Ancient Settlement Site KP 165, Report. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of archaeology of the Georgian National Museum.

lak I & II (azerbaijani, KP 298/300)Dostiyev, Tarikh. 2007. Excavations of Lak I Settlement. Baku.

Agayev, Gahraman. 2007. Excavations of Lak II Early Medieval Settlement. Baku. minetpinari (TurqeTi, KP 986)Tekinalp, V. Macit. 2005. Minnetpinari: A Medieval Settlement in Eastern Kilikia. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for Archaeology. naWivWavebi (saqarTvelo, KP 085)Shatberashvili, Zebede; Amiranashvili, Juansher; Gogochuri, Giorgi; Mindorashvili, David; Grigolia, Guram; Nikolaishvili, Vakhtang. 2005. Works of Tetritsqaro Archaeological Expedition in 2003-2004. Tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. narimankandi (azerbaijani, KP 234/237)Agayev, Gahraman; Ashurov, Safar. 2007. Narimankand: Excavations of Earth Graves of Developed Iron Age Date. Baku.

Mustafayev, Mikayil. 2006. Narimankand: Excavations of Antique Period Jar Graves. Baku.

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Orchosani (Georgia, KP 249)Baramidze, Malkhaz; Jibladze, Leri; Todua, Temur; Orjonikidze, Alexander. 2007. Comprehensive Technical Report on Archaeological Investigations at the Orchosani Site IV-323 KP 249. tbilisi: Otar Lortkipanidze archaeological Centre of the National Museum of Georgia.

Baramidze, M.; Jibladze, L.; Todua, T.; Orjonikidze, Al. 2006. Orchosani Remnant of the Settlement and Necropolis. tbilisi.

Baramidze, M.; Pkhakadze, G. 2004. Report of Akhaltsikhe Archaeological Works of 2003 (September-October). Tbilisi: Georgian academy of Sciences. Poylu I & II (Azerbaijan, KP 408.8/409.1/409.2)Müseyibli, Nəcəf. 2008. Poylu II Report: On Excavations of Poylu II Settlement at Kilometre Point 408.8 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku.

Najafov, Shamil. 2006. Poylu I Report: On Excavations of Multilayer Settlement at Kilometre Point 409.1 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku.

Müseyibli, Nəcəf. 2006. Poylu Report: On Excavations of Late Medieval Settlement at Kilometre Point 409.2 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. Sakire Fortress (Georgia, KP 199)Gambashidze, Irine; Gogochuri, Giorgi. 2007. Archaeological Investigations at Site IV-338, KP199, Sakire Village, Borjomi District. Tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum Samedabad (Azerbaijan, KP 233)Mustafayev, Mikayil. 2006. Samedabad: Excavations of an Antique Period Earth Grave. Baku.

Saphar-Kharaba (Georgia, KP 120)Narimanishvili, Goderdzi; Amiranashvili, Juansher; Davlianidze, revaz; Murvanidze, Bidzina; Shanshashvili, Nino; Kvachadze, Marine. 2003. Report on Tsalka-Trialeti Archaeological Expedition Field Activities in September-November 2003. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. Sazpegler (Turkey, KP 040)Tekinalp, Macit; Ekim, Yunus. 2005. Sazpegler: A Medieval Settlement in North Eastern Anatolia. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for archaeology.

orWosani (saqarTvelo, KP 249)Baramidze, Malkhaz; Jibladze, Leri; Todua, Temur; Orjonikidze, Alexander. 2007. Comprehensive Technical Report on Archaeological Investigations at the Orchosani Site IV-323 KP 249. tbilisi: Otar Lortkipanidze archaeological Centre of the National Museum of Georgia.

Baramidze, M.; Jibladze, L.; Todua, T.; Orjonikidze, Al. 2006. Orchosani Remnant of the Settlement and Necropolis. tbilisi.

Baramidze, M.; Pkhakadze, G. 2004. Report of Akhaltsikhe Archaeological Works of 2003 (September-October). Tbilisi: Georgian academy of Sciences. foilu (azerbaijani, KP 408.8/409.1/409.2)Müseyibli, Nəcəf. 2008. Poylu II Report: On Excavations of Poylu II Settlement at Kilometre Point 408.8 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku.

Najafov, Shamil. 2006. Poylu I Report: On Excavations of Multilayer Settlement at Kilometre Point 409.1 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku.

Müseyibli, Nəcəf. 2006. Poylu Report: On Excavations of Late Medieval Settlement at Kilometre Point 409.2 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. sakire, (saqarTvelo, KP 199)Gambashidze, Irine; Gogochuri, Giorgi. 2007. Archaeological Investigations at Site IV-338, KP199, Sakire Village, Borjomi District. Tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum samedabadi (azerbaijani, KP 233)Mustafayev, Mikayil. 2006. Samedabad: Excavations of an Antique Period Earth Grave. Baku.

safar-xaraba (saqarTvelo, KP 120)Narimanishvili, Goderdzi; Amiranashvili, Juansher; Davlianidze, revaz; Murvanidze, Bidzina; Shanshashvili, Nino; Kvachadze, Marine. 2003. Report on Tsalka-Trialeti Archaeological Expedition Field Activities in September-November 2003. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. sazpegleri (TurqeTi, KP 040)Tekinalp, Macit; Ekim, Yunus. 2005. Sazpegler: A Medieval Settlement in North Eastern Anatolia. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for archaeology.

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Seyidlar I & II (Azerbaijan, KP 316/318)Huseynov, Muzaffar; Agayev, Gahraman; Ashurov, Safar. 2006. Excavations of Seyidlar Settlement. Baku.

Jalilov, Bakhtiyar. 2007. Excavations of Seyidlar II Antique Period Settlement. Baku.

Shamkirchai I & III (Azerbaijan, KP 332.7/333)Museyibli, Najaf. 2008. Excavations of Shamkirchai Kurgans. Baku, Nafta Press.

Museyibli, Najaf. 2008. Excavations of Shamkirchai Kurgans III. Baku, .

Sinig Korpu (Azerbaijan, KP 357.7)Huseynov, Fuad. 2007. Excavations of Sinig Korpu Kurgan Burial. Baku.

Skhalta (Georgia, KP 080)Shatberashvili, Zebede; Nikolaishvili, Vakhtang ; Shatberashvili, Vakhtang. 2007. Report of the Tetritsqaro Archaeological Expedition in 2005. Tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. Soyuqbulaq (Azerbaijan, KP 432)Müseyibli, Nəcəf. 2008. Soyugbulaq Report: On Excavations of Soyugbulaq Kurgans at Kilometre Point 432 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. Tadzrisi (Georgia, KP 201)elizbarashvili, Irina; Bochoidze, Merab. Conservation and Restoration of the Church of St George at Tadzrisi Monastery.

Erkomaishvili, Nino. 2008. Tadzrisi Monastery Conservation Project.

Heritage Protection Department of Georgia. 2003. Study of the Monuments within Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Route Corridor: Phase III. Report. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. Tasmasor (Turkey, KP 299)Şenyurt, S. Yücel. 2005. Tasmasor: An Iron Age Settlement in Erzurum Plain. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for Archaeology. Tetikom (Turkey, KP 292)Şenyurt, S.Yücel; Ekmen, Hamza. 2005. Tetikom: An Iron Age Settlement in Pasinler Plain. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for archaeology.

seiidlar I & II (azerbaijani, KP 316/318)Huseynov, Muzaffar; Agayev, Gahraman; Ashurov, Safar. 2006. Excavations of Seyidlar Settlement. Baku.

Jalilov, Bakhtiyar. 2007. Excavations of Seyidlar II Antique Period Settlement. Baku.

SamkirCai I & III (azerbaijani, KP 332.7/333)Museyibli, Najaf. 2008. Excavations of Shamkirchai Kurgans. Baku.

Museyibli, Najaf. 2008. Excavations of Shamkirchai Kurgans III. Baku.

sinig korpu (azerbaijani, KP 357.7)Huseynov, Fuad. 2007. Excavations of Sinig Korpu Kurgan Burial. Baku. sxalTa (saqarTvelo, KP 080)Shatberashvili, Zebede; Nikolaishvili, Vakhtang ; Shatberashvili, Vakhtang. 2007. Report of the Tetritsqaro Archaeological Expedition in 2005. Tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. soiuqbulaqi (azerbaijani KP 432)Müseyibli, Nəcəf. 2008. Soyugbulaq Report: On Excavations of Soyugbulaq Kurgans at Kilometre Point 432 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. taZrisi (saqarTvelo, KP 201)elizbarashvili, Irina; Bochoidze, Merab. Conservation and Restoration of the Church of St George at Tadzrisi Monastery.

Erkomaishvili, Nino. 2008. Tadzrisi Monastery Conservation Project.

Heritage Protection Department of Georgia. 2003. Study of the Monuments within Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Route Corridor: Phase III. Report. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. Tasmasori (TurqeTi, KP 299)Şenyurt, S. Yücel. 2005. Tasmasor: An Iron Age Settlement in Erzurum Plain. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for Archaeology. tetikomi (TurqeTi, KP 292)Şenyurt, S.Yücel; Ekmen, Hamza. 2005. Tetikom: An Iron Age Settlement in Pasinler Plain. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for archaeology.

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Tiselis Seri (Georgia, KP 203)Gogochuri, G. 2005. Archaeological Excavations at KP 203 – Tiselis Seri Kura-Araxes Site, Report. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum.

Gogochuri, George; Orjonikidze, Alexander. 2007. Comprehensive Technical Report on Archaeological Investigations at Site IV-293 Tiselis Seri KP 203. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of archaeology of the Georgian National Museum.

Tkemlara Kurgan (Georgia, KP 088)Shatberashvili, Z. 2003. Works of the Tetritsqaro Archaeological Expedition in November-December 2002, report. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum.

Shatberashvili, Z,; Amiranashvili, J.; Gogochuri, G.; Mindorashvili, D.; Grigolia, G.; Nikolaishvili, V. 2005. Works of the Tetritsqaro Archaeological Expedition in November-December 2003-2004. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. Tovuzchai Necropolis (Azerbaijan, KP 378)Müseyibli, Nəcəf; Agayev, Gahraman; Aşurov, Səfər; Aliyev, Idris; Huseynov, Muzaffar; Najafov, Shamil; Guliyev, Farhad. 2008. Tovuzchai Necropolis Report: On Excavations of Tovuzchai Necropolis At Kilometre Point 378 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. Yadili (Azerbaijan, KP 241)Farhad, Guliyev; Gahraman, Agayev. 2008. Yaldili Report: On Excavations of Yaldili Jar Burial Site At Kilometre Point 241 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. Yevlakh (Azerbaijan, KP 204/204.25)Mikayil, Mustafayev. 2008. Amirarkh Report: On Excavations of an Antique Period Jar Grave At Kilometre Point 204.25 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines Right Of Way. Baku.

Yüceören (Turkey, KP 1069)Şenyurt, S.Yücel; Akçay, Atakan; Kamiş, Yalçin. 2005. Yüceören: A Hellenistic and Roman Necropolis in Eastern Kilikia. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for Archaeology. Zayamchai Necropolis (Azerbaijan, KP 355/356)aşurov, Səfər. Zayamchay Report: On Excavations of a Catacomb Burial At Kilometre Point 355 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku.

Tiselis seri (saqarTvelo, KP 203)Gogochuri, G. 2005. Archaeological Excavations at KP 203 – Tiselis Seri Kura-Araxes Site, Report. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum.

tyemlaras yorRani (saqarTvelo, KP 088)Shatberashvili, Z. 2003. Works of the Tetritsqaro Archaeological Expedition in November-December 2002, report. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum.

Shatberashvili, Z,; Amiranashvili, J.; Gogochuri, G.; Mindorashvili, D.; Grigolia, G.; Nikolaishvili, V. 2005. Works of the Tetritsqaro Archaeological Expedition in November-December 2003-2004. tbilisi, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum. TovuzCai (azerbaijani, KP 378)Müseyibli, Nəcəf; Agayev, Gahraman; Aşurov, Səfər; Aliyev, Idris; Huseynov, Muzaffar; Najafov, Shamil; Guliyev, Farhad. 2008. Tovuzchai Necropolis Report: On Excavations of Tovuzchai Necropolis At Kilometre Point 378 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. iadili (azerbaijani, KP 241)Farhad, Guliyev; Gahraman, Agayev. 2008. Yaldili Report: On Excavations of Yaldili Jar Burial Site At Kilometre Point 241 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. evlaxi (azerbaijani, KP 204/204.25)Mikayil, Mustafayev. 2008. Amirarkh Report: On Excavations of an Antique Period Jar Grave At Kilometre Point 204.25 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines Right Of Way. Baku.

ieqeroni (TurqeTi, KP 1069)Şenyurt, S.Yücel; Akçay, Atakan; Kamiş, Yalçin. 2005. Yüceören: A Hellenistic and Roman Necropolis in Eastern Kilikia. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for Archaeology. zaiamCai (azerbaijani, KP 355/356)aşurov, Səfər. Zayamchay Report: On Excavations of a Catacomb Burial At Kilometre Point 355 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus pipelines Right Of Way. Baku.

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Müseyibli, Nəcəf; Kvachidze, Viktor. 2006. Zayamchay Cemetery Report: On Excavations of a Muslim Cemetery At Kilometre Point 356 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. Ziyaretsuyu (Turkey, KP 714)Ortaç, Meral. 2005. Ziyaretsuyu: A Hellenistic Settlement in Upper Halys Valley. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for Archaeology.

Müseyibli, Nəcəf; Kvachidze, Viktor. 2006. Zayamchay Cemetery Report: On Excavations of a Muslim Cemetery At Kilometre Point 356 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines Right Of Way. Baku. ziaretsuiu (TurqeTi, KP 714)Ortaç, Meral. 2005. Ziyaretsuyu: A Hellenistic Settlement in Upper Halys Valley. Ankara: Gazi University Research Center for Archaeology.